#1UNIÃO EUROPEIA kooperasaun husi alemaña DEUTSCHE ZUSAMMENARBEIT ATICA MOCRATI PUBLICA DEMO DE TIMO RDTL R-LESTE Agroforestry in Timor Leste Socio-technical and ecological key factors M. COGNE, R. PELTIER, G. LESCUYER, A. RIVAL CIRAD Dili, Timor Leste, 26th February 2022 2nd Agroforestry Fair cirad INSTITUT. LA RECHERCHE AGRONOMIQUE POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT FRANÇAIS TIMOR-LESTE AMBASSADE DE FRANCE EN INDONÉSIE ET AU TIMOR ORIENTAL Libert Egalité Fraternité UNTL TIMOR Montpellier Implemented by Sup Agro giz ACIONAL Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH#2Purpose of the research To understand what kind of agroforestry exist in Timor Leste To identify its benefits and its constrains for further agriculture development 2#3What is agroforestry? 3 2 1 6 4 5 7#42 1 3 со $ 4#5Agroforestry is agricultural and forestry systems that try to balance various needs: economic, nutrition, environment protection and services... (ICRAF) • Agroforestry involves a wide range of trees (ICRAF) • 12 types of agroforestry systems in the world according to PKR Nair (1987) (BP NA H H g C a D F J K 5#6Fieldwork Research focused on Baucau district (diversity of systems, market and logistic facilities) • The other Ai ba Futuro project localities (Manatuto, Viqueque, ect localities (Manatuto, Viqueque, Lautem) were also studied at a wider range in comparision with the detailed results found in Baucau 6#7Research methodology LANDSCAPE AND HISTORY AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS PRACTICES ECOLOGICAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS 7#8Soil observation (30 plots) Participatory mapping (8 groups) THE WAY Laboratory sample (60) 011356 Tree height measure and circumference (30 plots) Peeble Distribution Score (4 groups) ON X SOOL Focus group discussion (12) Team of: 4 bachelor students from UNTL and their university supervisors, 1 French. master student from Montpellier SupAgro National Agronomic School (R. Martin) Remote team of researchers in CIIRAD Montpellier Permanent field work team Individual Semi- directive interviews (90) ADRA KUCHEN& 8#9To understand agroforestry, we need to start by observing the landscape... 6#10Baucau Landscape: • 50 to 2200m high • 3 range of annual rainfall (<900mm, 1200-1500mm, >1500mm) • Various spontaneous forest and savannah Tamarind, jatropha, Corypha palm Jujube tree, Wild aromatics, Eucalyptus... MAP KEYS Road Stream and river Elevation (m) 50 580 1110 1650 2200 Venilale Eucalyptus Rosewood Casuarina Laga Macassar oil tree, Australian red ceddar... 0 5.0 10 km#11700 600 500 400 300 200 100 Farming systems are also integrated in the landscape MANATUTO 1000 2.000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 (m) s campo (m) 600 HOTEL 500 4.00 300 VIQUEQUE 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 7172 H 1600 1800 2000 FABRIKA ٨٠ H 71 72 LOSPALOS T1 T2 H 5000 6000 7000 (m) 11 (m)#12These agrarian landscapes also result from a History PORTUGUESE COLONISATION <1900 Knua on top of the mountains or hills - individual kingdom and barter system dominate 1918: Portuguese « pacification campaign » 1st centralisation of people into suco and aldeas → Communal plantations (coconut, teak, betelnut...) and agriculture intensification to pay portuguese tax (forced labour) → Chinese trade intensification INDONESIAN OCCUPATION 1975 Abandon of fields and livestock- population flee to the mountains 1980's displacement of people in new administrative centers sometimes far from people's land → 2nd agriculture intensification with equipment subsidies and technical trainings, development of new value chain (ex: candlenut), infrastructure, change in eating habits. → Deforestation to reconstruct village and reflorestation with valuable trees (palm, fruit trees, timber trees....). → Living in terror (massacre, exactions, threats...) INDEPENDANCE 2000's: Return to the knug and reconstruction of sacred places. Reducing agricultural subsidies and join IMF, development of Gmelina plantation 2008 Resumption of equipment subsidies for certain species and crops in partnership with international organization (timber trees, horticulture, selected corn and rice...). → Gradual reduction of rice growing areas (rice crisis? Youth exodus to other countries?) Rehabilitation of roads and electricity linkage 12#135 main agroforestry systems . Illustration from the less densed system to the most densed (trees) 13#14Crop and Fallow (CF): « Toos udan » 12 tc/ha 5 to 36 trees/ha 5 to 12 different tree species/plot Useful spontaneous tree Θ 1,5 to 3% OM species and timber trees 0,3 to 1ha Aldea Darasula, suco Gariuai Rotation with fallow from 3month to 10 years Corn, rice peanut, beans, pumpkins, cassava SOCIO-ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS: Food for self consumption, food for animals, market Livestock grazering during dry season 14#15O Sylvopastoral area (SP) : « ai-bobur laran », « sukaer laran »... 22 tc/ha Plateau of Gariuai 2,5 to 5% 1ha OM (plot sample) 29 to 32 trees/ha 5 to 8 different tree species/plot Useful spontaneous tree species (fodder, firewood, timber trees...) Buffalo, horses, goats and sheep SOCIO-ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS: Animal food, construction, firewood, traditional medicine Manure input from animals 15#16Young Agroforest (YA) : « To'os tuan » (>4 years) Aldea Osso Luga, suco Samalari Transition system to prepare life insurance to the children 13 tc/ha 2 to 4% OM 0,2ha 28 to 98 trees/ha 7 to 12 different tree species Seedlings of palm, timber and/or fruit trees Cassava, sweet potatoes, taro, corn, banana, papaya SOCIO-ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS: Economic income, firewood, land securization 16#17Homegarden (HG) : « Toos uma hun/oin » Aldea Bahamori, suco Gariuai Aldea Nuu Ahuk, suco Manehat Benificial input between animals (manure) and crops (food) 18 tc/ha 2,5 to 4,5% OM 0,3ha 60 to 130 trees/ha 13 to 15 different tree species ✓ citrus, big fruit trees (mango, breadfruit, jackfruit), timber trees (teak, gmelina...) corn, pumpkins, beans, sweet potatoes, papaya, banana, chili... SOCIO-ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS: Food for self-consumption, economic income, animal food 17#18Forest Garden (FG) : « Abat laran » 41 tc/ha 2 to 4% OM 110 trees/ha >17 different tree species ✓ mix of palm trees, breadfruit mango, candlenut, bamboo and timber trees 0,6ha elephant foot yam, taro Aldea Nairete, suco Soru The most diversed system were farmers practice << Natural Assisted Regeneration >> practices SOCIO-ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS: Food for self-consumption, economic income, animal food 18#19SP Agroforestry evolving systems SP ١/٥ HG YA FG CF 1 HG FG YA SP CF Crop and Fallow system SP Sylvopastoral area YA: Young Agroforest HG Homegarden FG: Forest garden CF T5... 19#20. CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES The 5 agroforestry systems described are complex: on the spatial and on the temporal dimension Main benefits: a diversity of incomes and nutritious food among the year and during several years (socio-economic resilience) and climate change mitigation by carbon retention capacity in soil and biomass (ecological resilience) Main constrains insecured access to market and low prices, low access to phytosanitary services (organic) and vet care possibility to increase the income of farmers by 50% if these barriers were lifted! • These timorese agroforestry systems have a heritage value that deserves to be preserved and supported by consumers and governance bodies 20#21● Thanks European union, German cooperation, MAF, GIZ, The French Ambassy in Jakarta and the French Institute of Timor Leste The students and the field facilitators: A. Araujo, J. Dos Santos, C. Da Silva, B. Fernandes, T. Gomes, J. Nunes Viegas UNTL teachers: Pr M. Gusmao, Pr P. Vicente CIRAD research team : G. Lescuyer, V. Freycon, S. Mazin, R. Peltier, E. Penot, C. Piponiot, A. Rival, A. Thoumazeau Timor Plaza owners and public Obrigada barak ba ita bot hotu nia atensaun 21 21