#1LOW-COST AIRBOX NETI AND GAUSSIAN PLUME MODELLING TO ASSIST AIR QUALITY POLICY-MAKING AT COUNTY SCALE, HEBEI PROVINCE, CHINA innovation TNO for life Jun Zhang, Arjan Hensen, Paul Seignette, Dan Yu April 2021, EGU A 中荷联合环保科技有限公司 Sino-Dutch Environment Technology Co., Ltd.#2• BACKGROUND TNO County X covers ~1500 km² surrounded by a hilly landscape in Hebei province, North China. innovation for life • Its residential area is situated along the main valley and near various industrial domains (>170 factories). • Wind speed is relatively low throughout the year (average wind speed: ~ 1.5 m/s). • Air pollution components (PM2.5, PM 10, CO, SO2, NO2 & 03) are monitored by two national stations with high-end equipment at 1-hour intervals (both located in the downtown area). North industry zone NAT2 NAT1 Steel & Iron industry zone South industry zone 40 km#3. A TNO innovation for life QUESTIONS How to distinguish emission contributions from 100+ complex industrial sources? How to "monitor" major polluting areas in real-time instead of through annual surveys? How to assist local policy-makers to control air pollution step by step?#4innovation TNO for life INTENSIFYING THE AIR QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK Preliminary Phase 1 source survey Air quality measurement network METEO S213 M11 South = S Tuhoumencun NORTH-N Coal & Steel = C & ST $20309 G22 Shexia Middle of the town = M South East SE Image 2020 Maxar Technologies Image 2020 CNES Airbes 40 km Google Earth • Airbox monitoring network: 43 low-cost airboxes + 11 meteo-stations (at carefully selected locations) • PM2.5, PM 10, SO2, CO, NO 2 and O2 concentrations monitored at 1-min intervals since 2020. 3#5Measured concentration innovation TNO for life LOW-COST AIRBOX CAN BE TRUSTED AFTER CALIBRATION • Comparison: airbox M14 placed next to high-end equipment National Station 1 (NAT1) (µg m³) M14 airbox (blue line) 300 NAT1 high-end equipment (orange line) 250 200 150 100 50 PM2.5 PM25 300 y=0.95x+3.45 R²=0.82 •PM2.5 Meteo set 250 200 200 Airbox M14 airbox 150 100 50 0 0 25-11-2020 30-11-2020 5-12-2020 10-12-2020 15-12-2020 20-12-2020 25-12-2020 30-12-2020 4-1-2021 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 1 month hourly data NAT1 省站 00 M14 NAT1 housing#6innovation TNO for life COMBINING MONITORING WITH GAUSSIAN DISPERSION MODELING TO INFER EMISSION STRENGTHS Preliminary source map Refined source map Air quality measurement Initial Gaussian Refined Gaussian model model METEO Local meteo Gaussian dispersion model application and workflow chart Reporting: Air quality Wind roses Visualisation & reporting of main source emissions#7VISUALIZING EMISSIONS FOR POLICY-MAKERS IN REAL-TIME A06 innovation TNO for life A04 A05 Preliminary source Google Earth survey map Air quality measurement Initial Gaussian model Refined source map Gaussian plume model Visualization online METEO Local meteo PM2.5 PM10 SO₂ • • Refined source map with adjusted individual source point parameters (accurate location, source height, surface area, etc.). Models produce emission strengths for 21 main source areas at 10- min intervals for PM 2.5, PM 10, CO, SO2, and NO2. NO2 CO#821 MAIN SOURCE AREAS (663 SOURCE POINTS), 20000 stone mining N4 innovation TNO for life • A01 Tian Tie & Chong Li steel mills suburb • A05 Tian Tie north hot rolling mill N5+M area 15000 10000 N7 power plant cement ㅇ 3 N1 © N3+M © NZ coking plant A03 COK & Lime factories ⚫ A04 COK & Refractory factories ⚫ A02 Cement & Buiding materials ⚫ A06 Cement & Construction products ⚫A11 Cement south 0000 -5000 5000 × A08 G230 traffic 2+M 5000 15000 20000 2500 ▲ A07 Power plant STE 5T7 • 5T4 8 MS M3 • STZIMSTS OM11+M ONO M M13HM M5 M14+M ⚫ STE ST1 MS MID steel M8+M 17 urban area -5000 054+M ⚫ SE4+M © 51 -1000 -15000 coal storage -20000 highway SEZ+M ⚫ SE3 ⚫ SEI A12 South coal storage ⚫ A13 Coal aong road near S4 • A20 Coal between C2 and C3 • A21 Coal storage C1-C6 triangle • A16 Stone mining north N6 ⚫ A17 Stone mining north N4 ⚫ A09 City area ⚫ A10 Cluster town north A14 Villages around M3 A15 SE village ⚫ A18 Villages north N456 > Airbox#9Salooted dela: 2020-8-20 11:45 Filler All AQI CO ΣΕ ΑΘΙΝΟΣ AGIOS AQIPM10 AQI PM26 Мар AQI 802 - со Location offe Locations Meteo NO2 08 PM10 PMHO Emiccione PM26 80:2 CB02 C1 B02 1h av 68.25 pg 68.60 gm VISUALIZATION DATA PLATFORM innovation TNO for life Measured PM Modeled PM 15 C1 02 10 avg 65.75 gm G2+METED 302 74.85 gm 02+METED 102 1h avo 79.83 m 2:0 CA+METEO 302-1davo 57-70 pgm 75.20 pg/m 130 74.33 940 04.102 74.71 gm C4 102 th ad 79.16 m 04 802 1d avo 6132 om 10 06 102 251.28 pgm 3.6 102 th evg 238.28 pm 153.00 am 08 802 es 40 C- 102 th ave 08 90210 avc M1 302 MI 302 th avg M1 102 1d sv M2 102 M2 102 1hav MZ 302 15 50 150.54 m 136.97 104 pom 111.30 polm 121 67 m Sugim 85.40 m² 26.48 на 6545 pm 774 Hgm G 0 9 Uput + Line South SE M 500 72.00 pgme M 102 1d avg Hom 400 MA 1:02 2321 am ST M4 102 th avg 255 am M 8:02 1d avo M6 302 19283 pom 60.96 m 83.21 ματ No 102 159 END 200 gm v832 302 82.59 gm Me N82 902 th avg 81.14 g 81 PM10 B2 PM10 m 33 PRHODO MB N82 802 1 and 6878 μm 34 METEO FM M7 8:02 111.39 µg/m² GEST Source emissions WD 14100 A01 PM10 Tian to Gleel 1,2,3 PM-10 Go [pc] A02 PM10 COK-APM10QG[ 408 PM10 GOK-8 PM10-04.06 PM10 Insulation PMH0Q[/c] A08 PM10 Cement & conceruation PM10 Or led AU PS3 3240 tameEvý & lezl A08 PM10 Chy PM10 Qc (AM1 PMM10 Cament couth PM10 GOG A12 PM10 song road coal couth PM10 Qc [arc] SW SE C2 METED WDM11 VETED WO M18-METED W/Dg M14+METED+now Sonio WID [*] 872+METTED WO E4+METEO WO WS 448 FM10 song road to near B4 FM10 as loud 48 PM 10 Village caround My PMII ocfac A18 PAHO Mina north NG PLUH [/c] 4.17 PM10 Mine north N4 PMD Or (C) 420 PMHO Coal between C2 & C3 PM10-Qx [g/c) Line C&ST C1-METEO W8 (mic) MH1-METED W8 [m/c WH4-METEO-new tonio W& [m] SE4+METEO W3 [mic] No+METEO WE [G] E2+METED W & Im 8T2+METED W8 [c] NS+METED W3 [m/c! 418 802 Vilanar north n468 802 Q Lina N 211 3624 Jan 20 Jun2 BEI PM10 [pp m²] BEA+METEC FMIDD M2 PM10 O IT! ME PHOTO ON MY PM1D M10 PRO M11-METEO FM10 DOMA MS-METEO PM10 [up 17 FM10 Dugm MS PM10 [ M14-WETED now tonio PM10[J] MBNR2 P10 jagm C1 PM10 Jum 2-METEO PM10 pom IT2+METEO PMID Lupim 371 PM10 [apim C8 PMHO [upim?] TPMS TA 3T8 PM 10 Dugim ST7 PMHD [ug/m²) BES PMO BIOMBEA+METEO PM10 Doma | 315 END LAOTH BIA PRID Lua ETB EM EDENA EPMIC LonD N4 PMO pom NB PM10 om TH NS-METED PM10 Dim NG-METED PM10 m#10innovation TNO for life MODELED CONCENTRATIONS AS CONTRIBUTED BY VARIOUS SOURCES AT STATION M14 (SEPT. 2020) 100 90 Unit: μg/m³ PM2.5 80 70 60 50 40 Modeled concentrations 25 ྴ་ཆུ་ ྣ་ཚོ 30 100 90 80 70 50 Unit: µg/m³ Time PM 10 150 125 Unit; mg/m³ Time CO Modeled Co 0.5 mg/m³ (N=430) W-1.24x-0.15 R=0.44 Modeled C+BKG Modeled PM2.5 @ NAT1 location A13; 1% A14; 2% A10; 1% A20: 1% Urban area A09: 60% A01; 12% steel A02; 3% A04; 1% A05; 2% A06:7% Coke A07; 1% M14 station is located downtown (mainly polluted by urban area sources, >60%). ■ A01 A02 ■ A03 A04 100 A08 A09 ■ A10 ■ A15 A16 ■ A17 ■ A11 ■ A18 A05 A06 A07 ■A12 A13 A14 A19 A20 A21. 75 50 Measured concentrations at M14 Modeled PM10 @NAT1 location A14; 2% A13: 1% A20: 1% A10; 1% steel Modeled CO @NAT1 location A12; 1% A14; 2% A11; 1% A03; 2% A01; 6% A04; 1% A10; 7% A05; 5% A01; 10% Urban area A09: 61% A02; 3% A04; 1% A06: 8% ADB: 8% A05; 1% coke A07; 1% traffic Urban area A09: 51% A06; 10% coke A07; 8% Time A01 A01 A02 A03 A04 A05 A06 A07 A08 A09 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15 A16 A17 A18 A19 A20 A21 BKG Measured " A08 ■ A15 A02 = A03 A09 A16 A04 A05 A06 ■A07 =A01 A02 = A03 A04 A05 A06 =A07 A10 A17 ■ A18 A11 A12 A13 = A14 A08 =A09 ■ A10 A11 A12 =A13 A14 ■A19 A20 ■ A21 =A15 A16 ■ A17 ■ A18 ■ A19 A20 ■ A21#11innovation TNO for life EMISSION CONTRIBUTIONS BY MAJOR SOURCE AREAS (SEPT. 2020) A01 Tian Tie & Chong Li steel mills ■ A19 Wu An steel mills PM 10 5% 0% 9% 8% 0% 5% 4% 5% PM2.5 A10; 4% A14; 6% A15; 8% A18; 1% A01; 10% Steel 10% A19; 0% A03; 4% coke coke A09; 13% Urban area 13% coke A17; 0% A16; 1% traffic A08; 13% ADS: 13% A04; 5% A05; 7% 20% A03 COK & Lime factories ■ A04 COK & Refractory factories ■ A05 Tian Tie north hot rolling mill A06 Cement & Construction products ■ A02 Cement & Buiding materials ■ A11 Cement south A12 South coal storage A13 Coal aong road near S4 ■ A20 Coal between C2 and C3 ■ A21 Coal storage C1-C6 triangle CO ■ A07 Power plant A06; 7% A02; 2% A11; 1% A12; 1% A13; 5% ■A08 G230 traffic ■ A16 Stone mining north N6 ■ A17 Stone mining north N4 A09 City area A10 Cluster town north A14 Villages around M3 ■A15 SE village ■ A18 Villages north N456 A20; 3% A21; 2% 14% 9% 9% 8% 10% 11% 2%3% 03020715% 4% 12% 10% 0% 3% 4% 3% 2% 4% 4% 13% 1% 3% 2% 3% 4% 3% 2% 14% 4% • A07; 8% Power plant A (major) highway and (large) urban areas emit most PM pollutants in the county (13% each). One steel factory, a coal-fueled power plant, and three coking plants together contribute 38%.#12innovation TNO for life INFERRED RELATIVE EMISSION CONTRIBUTIONS COMPARABLE TO ANNUAL EMISSION SURVEY (2018) 污染源类型 21 个污染源区 中文名称 英文名称 QPM2.5% QPM 10% QCO % QSO₂% QNO₂ % Source type 21 source code Source CN name Source EN name A01 铁厂区域 - Steel A19 天铁崇利工业园区 武安钢铁区域 Tian Tie & Chong Li steel mills 44.0 45.0 59.5 19.2 42.6 Wu An steel mills 0.5 0.5 1.1 0.3 0.4 A03 天利煤化&石灰厂区 COK & Lime factories 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 1.0 焦化厂区域-Cok A04 兴发焦化&耐火厂区 COK & Refractory factories 19.1 14.8 24.7 70.4 25.1 A05 天铁北片热轧厂区 Tian Tie north hot rolling mill 12.6 12.8 6.1 8.4 21.1 A06 天铁西测混合工业园区 Cement & Construction products 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 石灰厂区域 - Cement A02 天铁东水泥建材厂区 Cement & Buiding materials 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 A11 涉县城南水泥工业区 Cement south 17.7 18.1 1.8 0.4 6.2 A12 城南洗煤厂附近 South coal storage 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 A13 城南煤炭企业集中区 Coal aong road near $4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 煤厂区域 - Coal A20 C2-C3 选矿厂区域 Coal between C2 and C3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 A21 C1-06 Coal storage C1-C6 triangle 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 电厂 - Power plant A07 交通源 - Traffic A08 河北龙山发电厂 国道230 Power plant 0.4 0.4 1.3 0.8 1.5 G230 traffic 1.9 2.4 4.4 0.0 1.5 A16 采石场区域 - Stone mining N6 附近北部采矿采石厂区 Stone mining north N6 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 A17 Stone mining north N4 0.8 0.8 0.0 0.0 A09 涉县城中居民区 City area 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.0 A10 涉县城区北侧 Cluster town north 0.3 0.3 0.1 City & Village A14 MB附近村庄 Villages around M3 0.1 0.1 0.0 A15 SE 附近村庄 SE village 0.0 0.0 0.0 A18 N4. N5. N6附近村庄 Villages north N456 1.5 1.5 0.0 8 8 8 8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 85 58 8 8 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0#13TNO innovation for life CONCLUSIONS • • • Adding 43 low-cost airboxes to the existing national monitoring network (2 high-end stations) improves the documentation of air quality in the 1,500 km² study area. Using a refined emission source map plus Gaussian plume modeling is able to keep track of emissions at 10-min intervals. Ranking of modeled emission results for 21 major sources is similar to survey-based result. • A combined airbox monitoring network with emission modelling can help policy-makers to decide where and how to reduce local air pollution.#14ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research is conducted under the Sino-Dutch Technology Transferring and Training Project (TNO 060.35277), funded by Hebei Sino-Dutch Environment Technology Co. Ltd (HSDET). innovation TNO for life A 中荷联合环保科技有限公司 Sino-Dutch Environment Technology Co., Ltd. SmartYJ 清环宜境 UNIVERSITY कुभ 15 OF SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND TECH