#1Italian stoneworkers in America stonemasonry in Curitiba, Paraná (Brazil) Antonio Liccardo & Carlos Alberto Pereira Universidade Federal do Paraná and Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto - Brazil#2Interfaces of stonemasonry research • History Culture Geology Mineral extraction Mining engineering Geography#3Stonemasonry technique is an ancient craft which came to Brazil from Europe with Portuguese and Spanish settlers. In Curitiba has also been developed through Italian colonization, producing stone works for pavements, walls, fountains, landmarks and monuments.#4Stonemasonry is considered to be an activity which is declining to extinction. Curitiba presents, besides countless works constructed with this technique, stonemason-artisans still in activity.#5Curitiba - most european of brazilian capitals Brazil South America UTM 670000 Paraná UTM 7185000 CURITIBA Curitiba is a city with about 2 million people, located in Southern Brazil It was was founded in but 1693, its development as a modern city began at the end of the 19th century because of geopolitical factors, and coincided with the beginning of the immigration#6Italian migration to Brazil Greca family working stones in 1894 Italian immigration in Brazil occurred from 1860 until the 1940s From 1875 until 1895 the migration of workers connected to urban services started, builders, potters as and, among them, stonemasons#7Researches about italian emigration show an exodus of stonemasons and stoneworkers in cities known for this activity, mainly in the Veneto region. Italian descendants working granite Curitiba 1928 -#8General geology of Curitiba Proterozoic Age (1800-2600 Ma). There are migmatites and gneiss which shape the base of almost the whole region; Younger metamorphic rocks Upper Proterozoic Age (570-1000 Ma) with marbles, metacalcareous and dolomites; Upper Proterozoic Age (570-1000 Ma) with granites too; Dykes of diabase related to the time of the separation of continents, South-America-Africa (Mesozoic Age - 65 a 235 Ma); Over these ancient rocks was formed the Sedimetary basin of Curitiba presenting shales, graywackes, siltites and argilites, stored at the end of the Tertiary Age (1,5 Ma)#9UTM 660000 UTM 7200000 N UTM 7160000 S S D M S M UTM 640000 S CURITIBA 4km S S G Geological map of Curitiba and region around 8 Sediments (Terciary) D Marble, shales and dolomite (Proterozoic sup.) Granite (Proterozoic sup.) M Migmatite (Proterozoic inf.) S – sedimentary rocks G - granites D-dolomites and marbles M - migmatites and gnaisses#10Available rocks for stonemasonry • Granite • Dolomitic marble Diabase Sedimentary rocks and migmatites aren't suitable for masonry#11Stonemasonry special pieces produced by Prodoscimo family in 1960's.#12Pavements using diabase and granite cut in regular shapes.#13Petit-Pavé paving in diabase and dolomitic marble cut in polyhedrical blocks and inserted drawing several artistic styles from different epochs. PROVOFER PARAN Pietra Nobile Gepetto#14Dolomitic marbles are cut in polyhedrons destinated mainly to special paving called "petit pavé” This is the paving which lines Copacabana Beach (Rio de Janeiro) and was furnished from Curitiba region mainly by Chimelli's family#15Stonemasonry in Curitiba In Curitiba, in spite of some register of works in rocks in the beginning of the 19th century, the activity of carving and stonemasonry became significant only when the 20th century dawned, when the great urbanization in the city developed. From 1900 all the streets began to receive granite and diabase for surfacing. Around 1920 important examples of funerary art in granite appeared. It is also from that epoch the sidewalk known as petit-pavé or Portuguese sidewalk, made of polyhedrical blocks of dolomitic marble with diabase inserted#16Typical paving in diabase parallelepiped and a modern stripe of sandstone polyhedrical blocks#17Rocks were cut in parallelepiped measuring ca. 12x12x20cm totally by manual work. Even now this production means survival to many families.#18Tool and techniques Tools utilised in Curitiba and surroundings by stonemasons are very simple and universally known, with no change through the centuries. The technique is totally manual utilising quills, hammers, levers and wedges.#19As granite is a very hard material, stonemasons have their own set of tools and they themselves are responsibles for the temper and preparing the metals. All granite stonemasons are also blacksmiths.#20Modern stonemason working with wedges and hammer to define a breakline in the block of granite.#21Monuments From the beginning of the 1920s, Curitiba began its urbanization and modernization. Besides the intensive paving of the city streets, commemorative monuments carved in granite began to appear. In the decades 1930 to 1950, with the diffusion of the nationalist thinking all over the world, many monuments to national heroes were produced in rocks and put in Curitiba main squares.#22Cembramica do Centenario 7-9-922 ustiça do beliss 01 Italian descendants working on a stonemasonry piece, which is commemorative of the first centenary of Brazilian independence (1822-1922). Greca family.#23Modern monument produced by Andreatta family in granite - 1993#24Conclusions For geological and historical reasons, it is possible to state work techniques were brought by Italian immigrants and adapted to local rocks (harder) for the most part. Curitiba urban and economic development has been intimately linked to street and square paving, mainly to the granite and, later, to the dolomitic marble and diabase for paving with petit-pavé. Petit-pavé, known as “Portuguese mosaic” in other places of Brazil, is bound to Italian influence, with the carving technique coming here with the immigrants. Abundant rocks with quite good resistance in the region and Italian immigrants' workmanship were fundamental historical factors for Curitiba urban development throughout the last century, and stonemason activity represents a strong cultural heritage.