#1Defanging the Demonic and Dancing the Divine: Bali's Rangda and Barong in Cosmic Balancing Kathy Foley ([email protected]) University of California-Santa Cruz#2KAZAKHSTAN GEORGIA ARM. AZ TURKEY Caspian Sea TURKMEN UZBEKISTAN KYRG TALIK. Mediterr CYP SYRIA Sea LEB ISRAEL IRAQ IRAN AFG. PJORDAN EGYPT Red Sea SUDAN KUW BAHR. QATAR SAUDI ARABIA YEMEN Persian Gul PAKISTAN OMAN Gulf of Aden SOUTH ETHIOPIA SUDAN UG. KENYA SOMALIA This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA RUSSIA MONGOLIA Asia Sea of Okhotsk Sea of N.KOREA Japan 5.KOREA JAPAN NEPAL BHU INDIA BANG MYAN CHINA East China Sea TAIWAN Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal MAR LAOS THAI- VIETNA LAND South China Sea Philippine Sea CAM. Andaman PHILIPPINES Sea MALDIVES SRI LANKA Indian Ocean 1200 Kilometers, 1200 Miles BRUNE MALAYSIA SING. N North Pacific Ocean INDONESIA EAST TIMOR#3Parts of Presentation 1. History of Characters Beginnings Kediri-Majapahit 11 C 2. Narratives (lontar, palm leaf manuscripts) 3. a. Rangda-Barong (Rwa Bhineda)-(Text Calon Arang,c. 1540) mask puppet drama (19 C) b. Sudamala (Durga)-(Text Kidung Sudamala c. 1325) wayang puppetry c. Sapu Leger (Murwa Kala, Java; Kala Tattwa, Bali), holy water (toya penglukatan) Cosmic and Personal (micro-macrocosm relationships in purification) 4. Modern Versions#4Part 1: History 1. What (Religion) 2. Who (Characters) 3. Where (Bali-East Java) Theme: Transnational and Transisland Fusion of Hindu- Buddhist-Sufist Tantric Elements with Ideas of 4 Siblings/Directional Powers Imported Religions and Local Performativity Combine#51. History:Hindu-Buddhist Religion Good/Evil Kediri/Jenggala (8- 13 C), Singosari (13 C), Majapahit (14-15C) a. Religion Hindu-Buddhist with Pasupata Elements Lakulisa [Patanjala in Java/Bali] 1 C "Founder/teacher" of the panca kosika (4 sages). Themes-skulls, burning grounds, matted hair, 5 m's and other "wild" bond breaking behavior, fast track to enlightenment, spread via performing arts b. Indigenous belief with attention to directionality-4 directions and center, as well as up (gods), middle (humans), down (demons) Right hand/up (resi)-formulas, meditation etc. Left hand/down (leyak)-witches, balian, rerejahan (drawings) Worldview of Calon Arang is leyaks (witches= left/down) Ideology rites/performance can free us of bad: dalang/mpu performer/priest (right/up) deal with leyak/kalas As western horror film reflect Christian imagery, so these stories are to scare into enlightenment Lakulisha 7 C India#6History Kediri-Jengala, Singosari, Majapahit Java 10-15th C LAVASER Surtia Gah Parka Legend This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA janggala MAGUR STRAIT KADIRI MINUTE AVA#7Characters:1-Widow/Witch, 2-Priest/Lion, 3-Followers= 1-Rangda, 2-Barong and 3-Kris dancers Anak Agung Gede Sobrat. Bali, Indonesia, 1911-1992#8Who-Characters, Type 1: Wild Woman 1. Rangda (Widow/Witch) 2. Durga-wife of Shiva, Uma/Parvati in Tantric furious form is religious antecedent 3. Mahendradatta (961-1011 CE)- Also called Gunapriya Dharmapatni, an East Javanese princess who married Udayana King of Bali and became mother of King Airlangga who sends Resi Baradah and student/follower/son Bahula to control her.#9Wild Woman: Durga in India 0000 0000000 Hindu deity Durga killing the buffalo demon Place of Origin: India, perhaps Hemavati, Andhra Pradesh state, former Nolamba kingdom Date: 900-1000 The Hindu deity Durga Place of Origin: India, Bihar state, Mithila Artist: Sita Devi (Indian, 1914 - 2005) Date: December 14, 1977#10AGAA Wild Woman with Two Faces Sri (calm) and Durga (furious) Lamak Place of Origin: Indonesia, Bali Date: 1930 Hindu deity Durga killing the buffalo demon Place of Origin: Indonesia, Candi Nusukan, Central Java Date: 900-1100#11Wild Woman: Mahendradatta (961- 1042), Javanese Royal, Devotee of Durga, Rejected Wife of King Udayana (Bali), Mother of Airlangga (1000-1049, ruled East Java-Bali)#12Wild Woman: Widow-Witch, Calon Arang/Rangda#13Who-Witch Women Theme: Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned Rangda parallels include Dojoji (Japan) White Snake (China) Lara Kidul (Java-Goddess of South Sea)#14Who-History of Characters, Type 2: Leonine Men as Protectors (Barong and Followers) 1. Narasimbha, protective lion one of Vishnu's 10 avatars 2. Kirti Muka ("face of glory") Siva's emanation told to eat body and over doors 3. Manjusri, the bodhisattva most closely associated with transcendent wisdom in Mahayana Buddhism, riding on a lion. 4. Lion as Chinese exorcistic, protective figure from Tang Dynasty associated with new year 5. Lion Dancing, wushi (martial lion) associated with martial arts training/ adolescent males 6. Resi/Minister of Kediri Baradah#15Leonine Men: India, Narasimbha (Vishnu) Baghavata Mela Kirta Mukha ("Face of Glory" of Shiva), Nepal, Deity Becomes the Lion Avatar/Protector S#16Leonine Men: China, Lion Dance Tang Dynasty to Shaolin Monks Animal Harnessed as Male, Martial-Spiritual Invulnerability E#17念純果 SEV 13THAN AURUS JA MANTIS LUM TEMP Leonine Men: China, Lion Dance, Martial Arts, Greens#18Leonine Men: Java, Reog Ponorogo and Jatilan PONO ROGO#19Leonine Men: West Java, Barongan and Singa- Singaan- Lions, Luck, Circumcisions, Martial Arts, Trance, Money Collection 0 1092 YND BANGBARONGAN NGAMUK#20Leonine Men: Bali, Barong Club Parading for Galungan/New Year Raising Money#21Leonine Men: Resi Baradah Transforms to Barong Ket (Banaspati Raja/Lord of Forest, Afterbirth/Protector) a#22Who- Martial Males Theme: Buddhist Discipline Boys to Men Resi Baradah, Bahula/ Kris Dancers Abbot in Dojoji, Monks Fa hai, Xu Xian/Gold Mountain Defenders#23WHERE: Calon Arang Site, Sukorejo Village, Gurah Kediri District, Pamenang area, Kediri, East Java Abdi Awan Setiawan LAGAR BUDAYA SITUS CALONARANG SUKOREJO INGANNE UKAS ALLAH pl P TEMPAT MURKA DI SEPERTI ACE#24WHERE: Mpu Baradah Site, Built 1995, Desa Menang, Kecamatan Pagu, Kediri, Jawa Timur Shrine of Mpu Baradah for Religious Tourism SILSILAH PANCA TIRTA IMAHA RESHU MED SEVEN SPY CAMA APTU RUTORAL SPU BIARIDAY PASEK KRUSEUM PATAL BEAR PITF 24 MPU KUTURAN DENALA SRAMACARY DAH RAYA MANGALAMPU BAHULA PARTILAR MPHACADAM KEDIRISAGINA BUSE RLANDO 7. DH WWW GETREMP RAINA NUORT MFU CHA BAND A PUTRO 10W AMEKTA MANGAU MPU SINA RADA 10WAMERTS PER 3OWADAYAM MU RATHA SEMERU 4DW DWARANKA 2Ute Genealogical Chart of Mpu Baradah#25Summary Part 1: History Patterns I. WHAT: Cosmos is unitary but universe is rwa bhineda (2) II. WHO 1. Female demonic needs containment, 2. Male contains Whole population is at risk males through martial discipline are the followers of the Guru/Sifu/Resi III. WHERE; Outsiders are demonic (south, west, sea) 1. Calon Arang/Mahendradatta/Durga -Java, Nusa Penida 2. Sidha Karya (mask in the topeng exorcism from Java) and Kala (demon in ruwatan exorcism from ocean) Insiders (priest/king) protect and defang( north, east, mountain) 1. Mpu Bharadah (Lemah Tulis)/Airlangga (Java/Bali) 2. Tools are mantra, yantra (rerejahan drawings), safe space to acknowledge power (performance), holy water#26JAVA BANJUWANGI DJEMBRANA Barong Ket, Banespati Raja "Lord of Forest" - BULELENG SINGARADUA SEA BANGLI KARANGASEM TABANAN KLUNGHUNG GIANYAR DEN PASAR INDIAN OCEAN NUSA PENIDA Miguel Covarrubias 1934#27Part 2 Narratives: Three Tales of Release/Exorcism/Purification 1. Calon Arang 2. Sudamala (Free from Evil) 3. Sapu Leger (Sweep/Old Purification) Theme: Release/Purification of the Demonic Tools: Holy water, mantra, offerings, music, dance#28Narrative 1: Calon Arang EMORT TABANAN Barong-Rangda, I Ketut Gede 1880? Barong-Rangda, W. S. Nieuwenkamp 1906? Current Dramatic Form of Rangda Barong is 19th Century and South Bali Barong in the North were earlier for Galungan (New Year) but not Dance Drama#29Prequel: Uma becomes Durga NYOMAN TOYA (B. 1966), Durga Murti Siwa sent Durga, to earth to get fresh cow's milk to cure him. Cow herder demanded sex. Suspicious Siwa called Ganasha. Durga turned into demonic being (Durga Murti/Rangda).#30Main story figures (I. to r): Mpu Bharah, his student/son Bahula, Ratna Manggli and her mother Calon Arang in 2 forms (Monster and Widow/Mahendradatta) The Calon Arang legend D ASTM#31What you see#32Rerejahan, protection for performance Tribun Ba ૬-#33Ratna Mangli and Bahula Rangda and Leyak#34The Corpse#35aroengbinang Baradah (East Java) Baradah as Barong and Kris Dancers#36Wayang Calonarang#37Wayang Calonarang#38Wayang Calonarang Barong Rangda, leyak, Kayon#39Narrative 2. Sudamala/Kunti Sraya Wayang Parwa, main characters (I. to r.) Sadewa, Durga, Kuntil#40Kunti Sraya, Durga with Sadewa at Cemetery Kunti Sraya I. to r. Buta Siwu, Twalen, Kunti, Kresna, Arjuna, Buta Siwu.#41Sudamala/Kunti Sraya: I to r. Siwa enters Sadewa (dalang) are returns Durga to original form of Uma#42Sudamala/Kunti Sraya Java and Bali Durga (r.) demands Kunti gives Sadewa as victim. Purbo Asmoro ruwatan for Corona Virus, Solo, Java, March 2020. Cenk Blong Bali's top dalang performs at the death temple in Ubud, Kunti Sraya ILEN - ILEN PURA DALEM DESA PAKKAMAN LIBLIO WAYANG "CENK BLONK" RABU, AGUSTUS 2009 BARONG KUNTI SKAYA SAA GONG RAMPEND A RATU SAPUN INGAT KARATU NANG SAKTHAN IDA RATU LINKSIK PURA PENATAKAN LAGAT PANGAN MESOLAH KAMIS IS AGUSTUS 2017 ALTA TARI LEPAS LAN BEBONDRESAN CANGING MAS SANGGAR TEDUNG AGLING (SEKAA GONG JAYA SWARAJ JUMAT. 16 AGUSTUS 2019#43Narrative 3. Sapu Leger: Sweep/Old Purification Origin of Kala in Wuku Wayang#44Sapu Leger#45Ogoh-ogoh Parade Figure of Sapu Leger story Baliwww.com Edi 2012 Cokie#46Kala (I.) gets weapon from Batara Guru, Dalang Ebeng Sunarya, wyang golek sunda called Murwa Kala 1. To r. Kala meets Batara Guru and Narada, wayang kulit jawa Murwa Kala#47Child threatened by Demon Kala Place of Origin: Indonesia, West Java, Cirebon Artist: Rohman (Indonesia) Date: perhaps 1800-1990 Object Name: Wayang golek puppet#48Demon Kala asks dalang and puppet troupe for child at a Murwa Kala performance#49Durga/Permoni and Batara Guru/Siwa Indonesia, Tegal or Kuningan, Central Java Artist: Abah Wikarta (Indone sian) Date: approx. 1930#50Tree of Life: Creation (r.) and Destruction/Kala (I.)#51"Gods Forget Origin" and must return to their beginning-Get back to where they once belonged-know thyself/know the cosmos 1. Durga must return to Uma (Barong purifies, Calon Arang) 2. Durga/Kunti must be returned to Uma (Batara Guru/Sadewa purifies Sudamala) 3. Kala, Durga/Premoni, and Sapu Jagat must be returned to Siwa, Permoni, Bayu (Wisnu/"Dalang Kandabuana" purifies Sapu Leger) Themes Siblings deal with microcosm and Dewa Wiku/God-Dalang is the learned one who creates balance reminding demonic it is divine Tooth filing/defanging/using kris to create holy water#52Part 3: Cosmic and Personal Macrocosm/Microcosm#53Cosmic and Personal Perspective 1. You or community may be having a bad spell (letting out your inner leyak, ill, loss of money, illness, family problems, etc.) but hearing who you/world really are (good origin but sometimes bad in acts) with offerings for gods (banten) and demons (caru) will help you/world put it back together 2. The beginning of the universe and your personal life are parallels 3. Purwaka Bhumi Entas-Entas ceremony Java Eka Dasa Rudra ceremony Bali Ruwatan/Sudamala/Sapu/Leger/Calon Arang#54NORTH 1. Cosmic: Egg/One of Universe Becomes Many Acintya (Siwa), naga (serpent), badawang Turtle THE TERRESTI WORLD WEST EAST OUTER PLANETS Japan Solan Hildegard von Bingen) (Europe) INNER PLANET Band H FIXED STA SOUTH CLOUDS HAIL AND UCKTHING Pan Gu (China)#551 divides to 2 Tantrism 10th- 15th Century Creates "Cast" in India which is reworked in Java and then Bali Acintya 1. Unitary cosmos that splits. 2. Dual in material world (m/f) with beneficent and negative manifestations 2=Sri (goddess of rice) and Sedana (brother, partner) 2-Rangda (witch) and Barong (lion-like figure) Sri-Sedana Rangda (Witch)/Barong#56One divides to two Shiva (m) and Uma/Parvati/Durga (f.) Shiva and Parvati Place of Origin: India, Tamil Nadu state Date: approx. 975-1075 Historical Period: Chola period (862-1310) MON Shiva/ Durga#574. Panca Kosika/4 Siblings / Kanda Empat (water, blood, placenta, umbilical cord) and #5 baby (Laukulisa-Siwa) PUSER ADI ARI-ARI DIRI KAKANG KAWAH GETIH Shiva/Laulisa and 4 disciples (Kusika, Garga, Karusa, maitrya Colors, directions, afterbirth, umbilicus, water, blood and baby#58DRAWINGS FROM KANDA MPAT, K 500 85 COSMOGONY AND CREATION IN BALINESE TRADITION 1 Mahade#59Kala Tattwa "Anggapati is located in the east, in our bodies formed lust, when it is the most dangerous human enemy, Mrajapati is his place in the land and as the ruler of Durga (Setra Gandamayu), the Great intersection, and has the authority to interfere with people who violate the rules of atiwa-tiwa (pengabenan), Banaspati, its place in the West and embodied in the form of Jin, Satan, Tonya (Barong Landung), river guards, ditches, and sacred places, Banaspati Raja, place in the north which is realized as Barong, guards of large trees such as Kepuh (taru rangdu)... Banyan, and others". (Lontar Kanda Pat Buta)#609 Nawangsa (Directional Gods and Center) DEWATA NAWA SANGA Wisnu Sangkara Shambu Mahadewa Siwa Iswara Rudra Maheswara Brahma#614 Siblings as Kala (Demons) Nawangsa nine directions Manku Muriati, 2009#62Parallels: Nyasa, Mandala in Hinduism. Neiden in Taoism up and back to origins Yogic body 3116 D MANK ATA TAITA 44429 Taosit Neiden#63The siblings Kosika/Garga/Metri/Kurusya become the 4 directions and animals. Patanjala the turtle, Durga the universe-her sweat the water from which comes land, sun, moon, stars, 5 elements "The Egg of the Universe had life All was ordered, all arranged; The Three Worlds were there, all complete. The Goddess then looked on Her Self And full of wrath She then became. Her urge was to eat mankind; She Screamed, and like a lion roared." Siwa becomes Kala-they create all the evil and chaos, greed, addiction and start eating humans. Bhrama, Visnu, Maheswara become the Resi, bhramin priest, and Bujangha and create worship/performance. "and then a covenant they made That Man kind in the Middle Sphere At the moon when it is new Should not by Kala be accurst, Should not be Durga be accurst"#64Exorcism Purwaka Bhumi "Gone is the form that They then had, To Their first form They have returned; God Kala, Guru has become, And Durga, Uma has become Kusika to the East and becomes Iswara Garga to the South and becomes Bhrama Metri to West and becomes Mahadeva Kurusya to North and becomes Wisnu Pratanjala to Center and becomes Siwa Male Kalas become musicians in heaven Female Kalas become goddess/dancers High god says 'let it be so' From Man was Evil exorcised To Siwa's Heaven Man returned. Gone is the form that he then has, His true form is taken on ... Pure in form as he had begun."#65Calon Arang is in medias res-when there is a problem it lets off steam and reminds that both good and bad come from same space and reminds bad it is actually good and must behave.#66Part 4: Interpretations 1930-Now#671930s, I. to r. Miguel Covarrubias, Beryl de Zoete, Walter Spies, Colin McPhee, Jane Belo, Gregory Bateson, Margaret Mead Foreword by Adrian Vickers Asland of BALI DANCE AND DRAMA IN BALI A HOUSE IN BALI Colin McPhee MIGUEL COVARRUBIAS BERYL DE ZOETE Bali Rangda and Barong BELO (Jane) Note: This is not the actual book cover BALINESE CHARACTER#68Walter Spies De der Dimons oday Island of Demons NIGEL BARLEY#69Theories or 1930s Impacts 1. Barong totem animal (early Dutch Ethnologists) 2. Calon Arang schizoid mom (Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson) 3. Drama of powerful theatricality (Colonial Exposition in Paris when Coroka Gede Raka Sukawati's and Spies troupe inspires Antonin Artaud's "Theatre of Cruelty" concept) 4. Filmic Horror/Primitivism: Insel der Daemonen (Friedrich Dalsheim and Victor Baron von Plessen) tinged with German Expressionism, and Goena-Goena (Roosevelt/Spies)#70Art Interpretations#71Rerejahan and Ogoh-ogoh ગમે ત્ 27839404 དལ 5 யன் 2 บ 1 MIS K UN 25#72Visual-I Gusti Nyoman Lempad (1862?-1978#73Visual-I Ketut Budiana (b.1950)#74Rangda 1$2 Anak Agung Darma Yuda ALRESE STA EDOLLA#75Wayan Malik (b. 1963) Leyak gathering from all over the world to protest tourists, expats, government officials, and greedy Balinese use the excuse of Leyak to cover their evil deeds. 18--201 ELEY#76Popular Culture#77FILM PT. SORAYA INTERCINE FILMS BARRY PRIMA SUZANNA VCD RATU SAKTI CALONARANG Dr. AMOROIO KATAMU NENA ROSER DORMAN BORMAN#78Directed by H Tjut Djalil Based on the novel Leák Ngakak by Putra Mada mondo THE HOLY GRAIL OF ASIAN CULT CINEMA DVD VIDEO Mystics in Bali "A totally over the top film" - DVD Maniacs "Some of the most bizarre supernatural horror elements I have ever seen in a motion picture" Monsters At Play#79Teguh Santosa Calonarang (1981) Chronicle of Calonarang Created & Written by Ary Wicahyana et al. Harta karun CALON ARANG TEGUH SANITOR Dyck Data Cabracing#80Make-up Doris for Calonarang, Berlibis Putih and Roro Jonggrang#81Dance, Literature, Martial Arts#82PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER AUTHOR OF THE BURG QUARTET "KING THE WITCH AND PRIEST THE a Frith Connery, Jasance Fate Pramoedya 1957 Ananta Toer,#83Dongeng dari Dirah (Story of Dirah), Sardono Kusumo choreographer, 1971, 1992 Tegas, 1974 Film version, 1992#84Modern Feminist writing Toeti Heraty The Story of a Woman Sacrificed to Patriarchy, 2000 CALONARANG Kisah Perempuan Korban Patriarki Prosa Lirik oleh TOETI HERATY#85Retno Maruti and Bulan Djelantik, 2008#86Bulan Djelantik CALONARANG Dance LIST THE INV#87"She was scorned, isolated, assaulted and destroyed simply because she was different. She was a strong-willed woman who devoted herself to a certain spiritual path, which happened to be different from the one professed by the king." Cok Sawitri, novel, 2006, 2014 (English) The Widow of Jirah a historical legend AK TOLD BY COK SAWITRI#88I Gusti Ngurah Harta (Turah), Martial Arts Group Sandhi Murti CORRID#89'It is the supreme of the supreme; the maximum of spiritual power of divine mantra...but extremely secret, never to be passed on. Great is your power and success because you know the frightful appearance of the God. The whole world of mortals closes its eyes, all are afraid and dare not look... to the supernatural power. When you keep it secret, you will enjoy power and final emancipation for a hundred rebirths; You are entitled to "go home" to the heaven of Brahma, Wisnu, Iswara at the time of your death. But if you talk, if you tell tales... You will suffer hellish pains for a thousand rebirths.' (C. Hooykaas, The Balinese Poem of Basur, 1978; 32-33#90Celuluk (Ogre) does pandemic education Calongaran sends plague. Still needs purifying. COVID-19, 2020 000_1RJ3RS 398 Rask Terima Kasih Thank AFP SONNY TUMBELAKA/AFP Terima Kasih-The End