#1'Strengthening and Promoting Active Citizenship in Bangladesh' Sylhet Workshop and Discussion "Youth Employment and Effectiveness of Public Service Delivery" Presentation by Dr Khondaker Golam Moazzem Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD) 2 August, 2019; Sylhet#2Acknowledgement Dr Debapriya Bhattacharya, Distinguished Fellow, CPD Professor Mustafizur Rahman, Distinguished Fellow, CPD 2#3Contents 1. Background of the Study 2. National Policies and Election Pledges on Employment Generation and Youth Development 3. Analytical Frame of the Study 4. Methodology of the Study 5. Bangladesh's Employment Projections: 2024 & 2030 6. State of Education in the Sylhet Division. 7. State of Employment in the Sylhet Division. 8. Sylhet District: Public and Private Institutions Involved in Education, Training, Employment and Youth 9. Objectives, Structure and Modality of the Workshop-Discussion 3#41. Background of the Study • In Bangladesh, youth labour force constitutes (age 15-24 years) 11.0 million of which 7.4 million are male and 3.7 million are female. • • • These constitutes 17.3% of total labour force and 17.0% of male labour force and 18.5% of female labour force. • An extended definition of youth (age 15-29 years) would cover 20.1 million of which 13.1 million. are male and 7.0 million are female labour force. Bangladesh's 'demographic dividend' would be derived from effective use of its youth labour force. • The potential could not be attained due to different challenges confronted by youth including huge unemployment of the youth According to the LFS (2016), about 12.2 per cent of total youth are unemployed; 16.8% of female youth and 10.1 per cent are male . There is a large section of youth who are not in employment, education and training 7.4 million youth) Sylhet is not different from that of the national scenario The National Youth Policy 2017 has identified education, training, employment and entrepreneurship as most important instruments for youth empowerment. 4#5. 1. Background of the Study • • According to the National Budget 2019-20, an additional 30 million jobs have been targeted to be generated by 2030. • Incumbent government's election pledges reflect the target for employment generation particularly for the youth. Public institutions involved in education, training and employment are considered to be weak in terms of delivering effective services particularly for those of the youth. • These institutions include academic institutes, training institutes, public offices working for businesses and enterprises. Since Bangladesh is one the pioneering countries in terms of taking various initiatives for implementing SDGs, present study will review the issue of employment through SDG lens. . The study will assess and promote the perspectives of youth on effective, accountable, and transparent public institutions related to employment and youth (SDG 16.6.) • . The analysis will help to put forward a set of recommendations necessary institutional and regulatory reforms as well as operational reforms with a view to attain the target for employment generation by 2030. This workshop will help to review the analytical framework of the study, scope of work, designing of the questionnaire and issues to be added in the questionnaire 5#62. National Policies and Election Pledges on Employment Generation and Youth Development • Ruling party's election manifesto 2018 has stipulated different targets related to youth, employment and training • 'My village-my town' initiative; • • • • National service programme; Youth training centres in upazilla; 'Karmathoprokalpo' (hardworking project); 'ShudashaProkalpo' (efficient project) Integrated database of youths; • Collateral free credit for self employed; • Facilities for funding, tech & innovation; • • • Youth entrepreneur policy; Equal wages for male-female; Employment for the ultra-poor; • Development of skilled supply chain, crop processing; • Programme for returnee migrants; • • • Programme for autistic children; Employment programme through 'blue economy'; Set up separate division for youth; Increasing allocation of fund for youth ministry; • Setting up youth research centre 6#72. National Policies and Election Pledges on Employment Generation and Youth Development • Relevant issues have been reflected in the Seventh Five Year Plan (2016-2020) • Livestock rearing for landless, small and marginal farmers; • • • Employment generation for forest dependent community including women Use of cooperatives; Access to finance for rural poor and women Skill development training for self-employment • Develop supply chains • • • • Support to rural areas through organisation building, capital formation, training and post-training Cooperative development for indigenous community Urban development supports through investment, employment Apprenticeship scheme on SMEs, vocational training and information • Sufficient resource allocation for HR development Strengthening institutional capacity and infrastructures 7#82. National Policies and Election Pledges on Employment Generation and Youth Development • The National Budget for FY2019-20 mentioned a number of projects related to employment to be implemented in the coming years • 3 year programme in industrial sector • Reforms of laws/rules and policies/strategies in next 2 years • Allocation of Tk. 100 crore for training of specific group • Skill development for unemployed youth. • Train 15 lakh people • • • 'My village - my town' initiative Establishment of 100 EZs and create 1 crore jobs Improve ease of doing business index in two digits One stop services (OSS) for investors in 64 districts • Continuation of tax holiday facility for potential manufacturing sector Separate plan and budget for disables people Acting under 'Power of youth: Prosperity for Bangladesh' 80#93. Analytical Frame of the Study • The issue of 'more and better jobs' is linked with multiples issues • Quantity and quality of jobs • • Nature of employment and labour force participation Constraints in farm and non-farm employment • Business entry regulations • Quality of education and skills • Labour market regulations, institutions & programmes • The target '30 million' jobs by 2030 will be promoted through different policy tools and operational measures • Election manifesto; Five year plans and National budget Public institutions concerning education, skill and employment will play a major role in achieving the target • Present study will be carried out from an 'institutional analysis' point of view. • • Institutional analysis usually focus on effects, causes and processes of institutional choice and change and combines it with four levels of social analysis such as 'social embeddedness', 'institutional environment', 'governance structures' and 'resource allocations'. Based on Dumiter (2014), the study will prepare three separate indices to measure the level of 'efficiency', 'transparency' and 'accountability' of public institutions to deliver the required services for the youth. • The study will further examine what kinds of regulatory, institutional and operational changes will be required with a view to achieve the targeted employment generation for the youth 9#103. Analytical Frame of the Study Figure 1: Possible Areas of Engagement of Youth in Implementing SDG Target 16.6 in the Context of Ensuring 'More and Better Jobs" by 2030 30 million jobs by 2030 Quantity of jobs Quality Constraint of jobs in farm, non-farm Business entry regulations Education and skill Election Manifesto National Budget Labour market regulations and institutions Five Year Plan Public institutions Academic institutions (college, university & madrasah), Vocational training institutes, local government organizations (city corporations, union parishad, zilla parishad), law enforcement agencies, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Planning, tax authority, licensing authority, Ministry of Overseas Employment and Expatriate Welfare, public banks, private banks, corporate sector, private sector and CSOS and Ministry of labour and employment Efficiency Transparency Accountability Youth's Perception and Engagement Protecting and promoting young people's human rights; Raising awareness about the specific situation of young people's rights; Mainstreaming human rights; Promoting participation in political and public affairs; and Developing capacity and human rights education 10#114. Methodology of the Study A detailed perception survey will be carried out to collect information on three core issues of quality of public institutions. 'Efficiency': The efficiency can be achieved under the conditions of maximizing the results of an action in relation to the resources used, and it is calculated by comparing the effects obtained in their efforts. 'Transparency': Transparency means that citizens have an inherent right to know the truth about public issues and the government ensures that this right is met. 'Accountability': Accountability is the aspect of administrative responsibility through which officials are held answerable for general notions of specific legal mandates. Based on Dumiter (2014), the study will prepare three indices to measure the level of 'efficiency', 'transparency' and 'accountability of public institutions to deliver the required services for the youth. Indicator Indicators used to measure different Transparency Accountability Effectiveness Rule of law Participation governance related issues Source: TIB, 2019 Issues § Availability of information § Dissemination of information (both pro-active and upon request) § Status of monitoring and regulation § Clear division of tasks § Accountability of all stakeholders § Able and effective structure (human, logistical and financial capacity) § Smooth and quick process/ delivery § Service provided efficiently (quality, time, cost, visit etc.) § Existence of necessary legal and policy framework § Proper and fair enforcement of laws and policies § Scope of engagement of all stakeholders § Level of engagement of stakeholders 11#124. Methodology of the Study • As part of the study, a number of workshops will be carried out in different areas outside Dhaka covering youth community and different public and private offices. • These workshops will be held in Sylhet, Thakurgaon, Chittagong/CHT and Barishal. The objectives of these workshops are to appreciate the issues concerning youth, employment and quality of public and private institutions through exchanges of views by different stakeholders. A pre-set questions on different issues will be discussed among different sub-groups. • A perception survey will be undertaken covering both 'service recipients' (e.g. youth of different categories) as well as 'service providers' (e.g. different public offices) and those of facilitators of the youth • The issues to be covered under the survey are: public institution's efficiency, accountability and transparency; skill gap, regulatory and institutional barriers, scope of job creation through different national initiatives, employment opportunities abroad, labour market institutions, entrepreneurship development, required facilities and support services 12#13• 5. Bangladesh's Employment Projection: 2024 & 2030 Considering the employment target for 2030, a projection exercise has been carried out based on ILO's projection data for 2024 and 2030. No major projected change in the overall labour force participation till 2030. Rise in labour force participation in case of female: (15-24 yrs), (25-54 yrs) and (55-64 yrs) Bangladesh Labour Force Participation Rate: 2018-2030 120 100 80 60 • Fall in labour force participation in case of male: (15-24 yrs.), (25-54 yrs.) and (55-64 yrs.) 40 20 0 • Major changes in projected employment for youth will be observed between 2012-24 Significant rise in employment in case of female (25+ yrs.) Moderate rise in employment in case of male (25+ yrs.) and female (15- 24 yrs.) • Decline in employment in case of male (15-24 yrs.) 15-24 25-54 55-64 65+ Total 15-24 25-54 55-64 65+ Total 15-24 25-54 55-64 65+ years years years years years years years years years years years years Total Total Total Total Total Male Male Male Male Male Female Female Female Female Female (Sex) (Sex) (Sex) (Sex) (Sex) (Sex) (Sex) (Sex) (Sex) (Sex) (Sex) (Sex) (Sex) (Sex) (Sex) 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 ■2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Total 18 16 14 12 10 8642086420 5.00 4.60 Yearly Changes in Employment (2012-2024) 4.00 2.91 Projected Unemployment Rate (till 2024) 3.00 2.00 2.30 1.34 1.00 0.00 -0.21 -1.00 -0.76 -2.00 Total (Sex) 15-24 (Age (Youth, adults)) Total (Sex) 25+ (Age (Youth, adults)) 15+ (Age (Youth, adults)) 15-24 (Age (Youth, adults)) 25+ (Age (Youth, adults)) 15+ (Age (Youth, adults)) 15-24 (Age (Youth, adults)) 25+ (Age (Youth, adults)) 15+ (Age 15-24 (Age 25+ (Age (Youth, adults)) (Youth, (Youth, adults)) adults)) Total (Sex) Total (Sex) Total (Sex) Male (Sex) Male (Sex) Male (Sex) Female (Sex) Female (Sex) Female (Sex) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Male (Sex) 15-24 (Age (Youth, adults)) Male (Sex) 25+ (Age (Youth, adults)) Female (Sex) 15-24 (Age (Youth, adults)) Female (Sex) 25+ (Age (Youth, adults)) 13#145. Bangladesh's Employment Projection: 2024 & 2030 . Bangladesh is aspired to be a higher middle- income country by 2030. • Bangladesh will be behind those of middle income countries by 2030 in some key indicators • Most importantly, labour-productivity of Bangladesh would be far-behind those of higher middle-income countries in 2030 • Even lower than that of the lower-middle income countries as well as those of India and Vietnam Bangladesh needs to investment significantly in the coming years for human resource development particularly for education, skill and entrepreneurship development Youth Labour Force Participation Rate 40 ROON20 70 60 50 30 10 Asia and the Pacific: Asia and the Pacific: Lower-middle income Bangladesh India Viet Nam Upper-middle income 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Output per worker of Bangladesh, India, Vietnam and Upper Middle Income Category: Projection for 2030 42887 23645 25175 15013 12247 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Asia and the Pacific: Lower-middle income Bangladesh Viet Nam Asia and the Pacific: Upper-middle income India 14#15. 6. State of Education in the Sylhet Division Sylhet division has a total of 259 colleges, 5 medical colleges and 3 universities • • Student-teacher ratio at the college level in Sylhet was poor compared to national average (57.8:1 vs 34.6:1) • Number of college teachers is the lowest in the division. Girl-boy students ratio at the college level was 53.8:46.1 while the ratio at national level was 47.8:52.2 Population per institution widely varies between different districts of Sylhet division • • Highest population per institution in Habiganj and lowest in Sylhet indicating disparity between different district Number of students enrolled per thousand population is the lowest in Sunamgonj (16) In every district in Sylhet division, share of girl students at the college level is higher than the national average • There is wide difference in access to education at the secondary and tertiary levels in different districts of Sylhet division. Sylhet Division: School, College, Teachers and Students Division Name College College Level School & College (College Section) Total Girl Teacher Total Female 100 8 848 169 % Female 20 Total Student Girl % Girl 25520 14800 58 Sylhet Higher Secondary 75 10 1082 216 20 23801 12801 54 科 College Degree (Pass) 46 9 1029 195 19 59740 37803 63 College Degree (Honors) 30 7 1035 222 21 66671 36432 55 College Masters College 8 1 538 163 30 85997 39147 46 Total 259 35 4532 965 21 261729 140983 54 Table 4.1.15: District wise Population Comparison and Performance Indicators 2018 Sl. No District Total Total Population College Population Per Institution Enrollment Per thousand Population % of Female Teacher Total Enrollment % of Girls Students 61 62 63 64 Habiganj Maulvibazar Sunamganj Sylhet Total: Grand Total: 2456044 2069253 2728120 3767894 128 11021311 259 160995001 4495 40 61401 22 23.23 53151 53.26 42 49268 26 22.85 53532 56.13 49 55676 16 14.27 44558 53.61 29437 29 22.28 110488 53.17 42553 35816 24 21.29 261729 53.87 27 24.23 4278441 47.83 *Population 2011(BBS) Figure: 4.4.2: Number of Teacher by Division and Gender 2018 30000 27442 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 25297 18232 17542 14667 10096 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 8904 30% 6902 4532 20% 105 о Dhaka Rajshahi Khulna Rangpur Chittagong Barisal Mymensing Sylhet 15#16Academic Qualification of Youth Labour Force • 7. State of Employment in the Sylhet Division Majority of youth labour force of the Sylhet Division did not cross the higher secondary level education. Higher share of labour force is found at the HSC, SSC, JSC, PSC and no education levels. 30.0 25.0 Share of non-educated youth is higher 20.0 than national average. Only 2.3% of male and 1.3% of female aged 20-24 having bachelor degrees. Academic attainment higher than secondary levels is found to be behind compared to that of national average Overall, academic performance of Sylhet's labour force is behind national average. 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 2.0 In No class Passed Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 PSC Class 6 Class 7 Male 15-19 Male 20-24 Female 15-19 JSC Class 9 SSC/Equivalent HSC/Equivalent Female 20-24 Diploma Bachelor degree Masters degree 2.2 1.3 ᏢᏂᎠ . Madrasha 16#177. State of Employment in the Sylhet Division • Youth employment and unemployment in different districts of Sylhet division widely vary. • • • Highest employment is observed in Sylhet followed by Maulovibazar and Sunagonj In 15-19 age group, the rate of unemployment was 14.4% while in 20-24 age group, it was 12.1% Unemployment is highest among Maulovibazar (20-24 yrs.) and Habigonj (22.6 yrs.) • Youth unemployment is a major concern in three districts of Sylhet division. • Occupational distribution of youth indicates that a higher share of employment is in sales workers, elementary occupations and agricultural works • 10% are professionals in Sylhet (higher than other divisions) Employment Situation of Youth Distribution of Occupation Total Working pop Emp % of LF Unemp % of LF 45 40 Habiganj Maulvibazar 93.8 6.2 35 96.6 3.4 Sunamganj Sylhet 93 7 30 99.3 0.7 25 Sylhet Division Total 95.9 20.4 4.1 201 20 18.8 19.2 Emp % of LF Unemp % of LF 15 15-19 years group 10.1 Habiganj 77.4 22.6 10 Maulvibazar 89.7 10.3 5 0.4 Sunamganj 81.9 18.1 0 LULA Sylhet 99 1 Sylhet Division Total 85.6 14.4 Emp % of LF Unemp % of LF 20-24 years group Habiganj Maulvibazar 87.2 12.8 76.3 23.7 Sunamganj 87.4 12.6 Managers Professionals s and Associate Professionals Service and Sales Workers Clerical Support Workers Plant and Machine Operators. And Aseembler Craft and Related Trades Workers Skilled Agricultural, Forestry and Fisheries 7.7 1.8 1.4 Elementary Occupations Other Occupations Sylhet 99.5 0.5 ■Barisal Sylhet Division Total 87.9 ■Rajshahi 12.1 Chittagong Dhaka Rangpur Sylhet Khulna ■National 0.2 17#187. State of Employment in the Sylhet Division • Between 2003 and 2013, number of manufacturing • establishments in Sylhet division has increased by 11.5% per year. • • Employment has increased by 9.2% per year (male:8.5%; female:19.9%); national average (total: 11.7%; male:10.3%; female: 22.9%). Average size of the enterprises (number of employees per enterprise) has decreased over the years: from 2.9 in 2003 to 3.13 in 2013). Only 2.3% of total establishments are export-oriented (national: 1.96%) lower than that of Dhaka (4.1%) but higher than Chittagong (1.16) and Khulna (0.6%) Number of registered establishments is 38.73% which is higher than national average (34.88) and most of other divisions Registration Status of Establishments: Sylhet vs. Other Divisions Division Total Establishments Non-Registered Not Applicable Establishments and Persons Engaged: Sylhet Vs. Other Divisions 4 Division Total Establish ments 2001 & 03 Total Persons Engaged (TPE) Average 2013 Total Male Female Size of Estab. 1 Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur 2 205263 3 5 6 Total Establish ments 7 2.50 368129 1044552 Total Male Total Persons Engaged (TPE) Average Size of Female Estab. $ 9 10 934084 110468 11 2.84 516787 483756 33031 670544 2013793 1872128 141665 1194644 4318214 3736744 581470 545918 1317432 1165840 151592 905456 2569644 2283352 286292| 3.00 1327629 4630495 3729604 900891 3.49 3.60 2541033 9395688 7526490 1869198 3.70 2.40 997086 2502586 2155511 347075 2.51 2.80 1160669 3396115 2950805 445310 2.93 - 1022040 2501877 2228959 272918 2.45 Sylhet 186327 534552 499189 35363 2.90 401979 1029537 923679 105858 2.56 National 3708152 11270422 10041009| 1229413 3.00 7818565 24500850 20449132 4051718 3.13 (Note: Rajshahi division has been divided into Rajshahi and Rangpur in between the two economic censuses. Therefore, figures of Rajshahi division in 2001 & 03 are shown in Rajshahi and the corresponding figures of Rangpur division in 2001 & 03 are not available.) No. of Manufacturing Establishments by Markets: Sylhet Vs. Other Divisions Registered 2 Number 3 % 4 Number 5 % Number % Division Total Establishments Local Export Both Not Applicable 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 Barisal 368129 Chittagong 1327629 Dhaka 2541033 132020 35.86 541601 40.79 926786 36.47 Khulna 997086 333449 33.44 Rajshahi 1160669 313911 27.05 Rangpur 1022040 324016 31.70 Sylhet 401979 National 7818565 155698 38.73 2727481 34.88 172080 46.74 609724 45.93 1283951 50.53 514735 51.62 661081 56.96 566008 55.38 182472 45.39 3990051 51.03 64029 17.39 Barisal 39919 31688 43 27 8161 176304 13.28 Chittagong 192299 172383 1466 779 17671 Dhaka 257249 222840 6671 3861 23877 330296 13.00 Khulna 101162 89278 239 369 11276 148902 14.93 Rajshahi 164934 146195 478 1489 16772 185677 16.00 Rangpur 76357 65084 393 397 10483 Sylhet 36324 31687 612 213 3812 132016 12.92 National 868244 759155 9902 7135 92052 63809 15.87 1101033 14.08 18#197. State of Employment in the Sylhet Division Households Dependent on Remittance Income: Sylhet Vs. Other Divisions 2 0 7 12 20 80 • Income generated from households member working abroad is a major source of earnings for those live in Sylhet • . Sylhet is the second important division after Chittagong which dependent on remittance income from household member working aboard • 12% of total households of Sylhet division are dependent on remittance income (national average was 8%) 120 100 60 60 40 20 8 00 0 Barisal Chittagong Dhaka Khulna Rajshahi Rangpur Sylhet Total Agriculture ■Manufacturing Service Income recipient Remittance Others 19#208. Sylhet District: Public and Private Institutions Involved in Education, • Training, Employment and Youth Different public and private institutions are directly and indirectly involved in providing different kinds of services to the youth with regard to education, skill development and entrepreneurship development. Government offices Government offices DIFE Office Private Organisations/NGOs • DC Office Sylhet . UNO • AC Land • Youth Development • Social Welfare • ACC Office • Board of Intermediate & Secondary Education Commercial Banks • SCCI • FBCCI, Sylhet . SMCCI • LGED • RHD . BWDB • Customs Excise and Vat Office Import-Export Control Authority • SUST Metropolitan University • Sylhet International University • . Leading University Sylhet Technical School & College • NGOs • Social Works • Tax Commissioner's Officer • City corporations • • Sylhet Polytechnic Institute • Bangladesh Bank • Bangladesh Computer Council • District Education Office • District Agriculture Office • District Primary Education Office • District livestock Office . Department of ICT, District Office • District Fisheries Office 20 20#219. Objectives, Structure and Modality of the Workshop-Discussion Objective of the workshop discussion The objective of the workshop in Sylhet is to gather information through interaction with different youth groups, service providers (e.g. education and skill based institutions) and different categories of employers (public, private and CSOs) about different issues related to effectiveness of public institutes • Structure of the workshop discussion • • Three groups to be formed: a) ‘Education and Training' Group; 2) 'Business and Entrepreneurs' Group; and 3) 'Salaried Jobs, Fixed Wages and Job Seekers' Group Modality of the Workshop • The workshop discussion will be of two parts: a) Exchange and interaction session; and b) Presentation and concluding session. • • Exchange and interaction session: Each group comprises participants both users (youth) and service providers (institutions). Each group will discuss specific issues and will prepare a brief presentation with specific recommendations. Presentation and concluding session: Each group will make presentation in front of all the participants. The workshop will be closed with concluding remarks. 21 21#229. Objectives, Structure and Modality of the Workshop-Discussion ● Group Name: ⚫ Group Anchor: • ⚫ Group Participants: · 'Education and Training' Group Mr Towfiqul Islam Khan, Senior Research Fellow, CPD Students of college, university, madrasah, technical institutes and vocational organisations) and representatives of different academic Institutions Group discussion objectives: • to understand the aspirations of the youth about their current and future jobs; • To assess the ‘efficiency', 'transparency' and 'accountability' of different public institutions (private institutions) working on youth, education, training and employment To appreciate skill gap of youth in getting jobs and demand for different skills at local level? • To appreciate the level of backwardness of marginalised and disadvantaged groups including women and those under NEET with regard to access to education, skill and jobs. to review the perspectives of different stakeholders regarding various initiatives announced in the election manifesto, five year plan and national budget documents regarding education and skill development; • To put forward a set of recommendations about how existing public and private academic institutions could be more 'effective', 'transparent' and 'accountable' with regard to extending services to the youth to ensure their better access to education and skill. 22 22#239. Objectives, Structure and Modality of the Workshop-Discussion • Group Name: • ⚫ Group Anchor: . Group Participants: 'Businesses and Entrepreneurs' Group Dr Khondaker Golam Moazzem, Research Director, CPD Youth entrepreneurs, businessmen, self-employed, rural non-farm businesses and representatives of city corporations, tax authority, business registration authority and utility providing authorities, land, registration, department of agriculture, livestock, fisheries, environment, industry, labour and employment and public/private commercial banks • Group discussion objectives: • to understand the aspirations of the youth about their current and future jobs; • To assess the 'efficiency', 'transparency' and 'accountability' of different public offices providing different kinds of services to the youth related to their businesses; • To appreciate the level of backwardness of marginalised and disadvantaged groups including women in the access to different businesses; . to review the perspectives of different stakeholders regarding various business promoting initiatives announced in the election manifesto, five year plan and national budget documents; To put forward a set of recommendations about how existing public offices could be made more 'effective', 'transparent' and 'accountable' with regard to extending services to the youth entrepreneurs, businessmen and self-employed. 23#249. Objectives, Structure and Modality of the Workshop-Discussion • Group Name: • Group Anchor: • Group Participants: • Group discussion objectives: • • • • • • • 'Salaried Jobs, Fixed Wages and Job Seekers' Group Sazzad Mahmud Shuvo, Dialogue Associate, CPD Young salaried employees of different public offices such as DC office, TNO office, city corporation office, tax office, department of agriculture, livestock, fisheries and other public offices and salaried employees of private offices such as banks, industries, NGO offices, religious institutes and others to understand the aspirations of the youth about their current and future jobs; To assess the 'efficiency', 'transparency' and 'accountability' of different public offices providing jobs to the youth; To assess the 'efficiency', 'transparency' and 'accountability' of different private offices providing jobs to the youth; To appreciate skill gap of youth in getting jobs and demand for different skills for different jobs; To appreciate the level of backwardness of marginalised and disadvantaged groups including women in accessing appropriate jobs; To appreciate the issues and concerns of those NEET regarding their lack of interest in seeking jobs; to review the perspectives of different stakeholders regarding various business promoting initiatives announced in the election manifesto, five year plan and national budget documents; • To put forward a set of recommendations about how existing public offices and private offices could be made more 'effective', 'transparent' and 'accountable' with regard to extending services to the youth job seekers. 24#25Thank you. 25 25