#115TH NATIONAL CONVENTION ON STATISTICS 03-05 OCTOBER 2022 Organized by the Philippine Statistical System Spearheaded by the Philippine Statistics Authority PHILIPPINE STATISTICS AUTHORITY Solid Responsive World-class Has the Gains in Gender Equality and Women Empowerment Derailed by the COVID-19 Pandemic? by Wilma A. Guillen, Mechelle Viernes, Ma. Corazon De Luna, Sol Lazo, Ma. Nelia Manalili Sol M. Lazo Statistical Specialist I Philippine Statistics Authority [Gender Statistics] Crowne Plaza Manila Galleria [04 October 2022], [1:30 - 3:00 PM] Has the Gains in Gender Equality and Women Empowerment Derailed by the COVID-19 Pandemic? 1#215TH NATIONAL CONVENTION ON STATISTICS 03-05 OCTOBER 2022 Organized by the Philippine Statistical System Spearheaded by the Philippine Statistics Authority PHILIPPINE STATISTICS AUTHORITY Solid Responsive. World-class Has the Gains in Gender Equality and Women Empowerment Derailed by the COVID-19 Pandemic? • Background of the Study • Objectives and Significance of the Study • Data Sources · Results and Discussions • Conclusions Has the Gains in Gender Equality and Women Empowerment Derailed by the COVID-19 Pandemic? 2#3(Scores Ranges From 0 to 1, Where 1=Full Gender Parity) EAP Average 0.690 Global Average: 0.681 015 0.841 15TH NATIONAL CONVENTION ON STATISTICS 03-05 OCTOBER 2022 Introduction PHILIPPINES FALLS FURTHER IN GLOBAL GENDER GAP REPORT The Philippines dropped two notches to place 19th out of 146 countries in the 2022 edition of the Global Gender Gap Report by the World Economic Forum (WEF). It was the country's lowest rank since the WEF released the yearly report in 2006. In a scale from 0 to 1 (where 1 means full gender equality), it scored 0.783, inching down from 0.784 in 2021. In other words, closing the gender gap in the Philippines slightly dipped to 78.3% in 2022 from 78.4% previously. It was the country's lowest overall score in two years, or since 0.781 recorded in 2020. Its score, however, was above the global and regional averages of 0.681 and 0.690, respectively. This put the Philippines as the second highest gender equal country in the East Asia and Pacific region after New Zealand (4th overall). Philippines' 2022 Profile 0.783 Organized by the Philippine Statistical System Spearheaded by the Philippine Statistics Authority $6 PHILIPPINE STATISTICS AUTHORITY Solid Responsive World-class SUSTAINABLE GALS DEVELOPMENT AND WELL-BEING QUALITY 4 EDUCATION 5 GENDER EQUALITY CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION NO POVERTY ZERO HUNGER AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH M GOOD HEALTH INDUSTRY, INNOVATION ANDINFRASTRUCTURE REDUCED 10 INEQUALITIES SUSTAINABLE CITIES 11 AND COMMUNITIES 12 RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION QO 0.738 Global Top 10 Subindes/Dimension Score (out of 1) Rank (out of 146) 2022 Rank Rank Change(s) Overall Score Economic Participation and Opportunity 0.794 16 Country (out of 146) from 2021 (out of 1) Educational Attainment 0.997 46 Iceland 1 -0 0.908 Health and Survival 0.979 30 Finland 2 <-0 0.860 Political Empowerment 0.360 35 Norway 3 <-0 0.845 New Zealand 4 -0 0.841 2022 Global Gender Gap Index Scores of East Asia and the Pacific (EAP) Countries Sweden 5 0 0.822 Rwanda 6 1 0.811 0.734 0.733 0.730 Nicaragua 7 盒5 0.810 Namibia 8 2 0.807 Ireland 9 <-0 0.804 0.715 0.709 Germany 10 1 0.801 0.705 0.697 0.690 0.689 0.682 0.681 0.680 0.677 0.676 0.670 0.650 Year Rank 2006 6/115 2007 6/128 Score (0-1) 0.752 0.763 CLIMATE 13 ACTION LIFE 14 BELOW WATER 15 ON LAND LIFE PEACE, JUSTICE PARTNERSHIPS AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS FOR THE GOALS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS NOTES: The report this year covered 146 countries, with the addition of Comoros. On the other hand, Bahamas, Cuba, Croatia, Iraq, Mauritania, Papua New Guinea, Russian Federation, Syria, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela and Yemen were not included in the 2022 index. The 2020 edition was released in December 2019, while the 2021 was published in March 2021 a year after the COVID-19 was declared a pandemic. Philippines' Historical Performance 2008 6/130 0.757 2009 9/134 0.758 The goal of SDG 5 is to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls WHAT? HOW? 5a. 啤酒 Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources including land 2010 9/134 0.765 2011 8/135 0.769 2012 8/135 0.776 061 2013 5/136 0.783 2022 Park (out of 146 4 19 43 49 53 56 70 79 83 92 98 99 102 103 104 106 107 111 116 2014 9/142 0.781 Rank Changes) on 2010 2 7 17 18 0 14 15 Score Orange) om 20 +0.001 -0.001 +0.006 NEW ZEALAND PHILIPPINES +0.007 -0.017 +0.010 -0.001 -0.001 +0.004 +0.009 AUSTRALIA SINGAPORE LACS TMOR-LESTE MONGOLIA THAILAND VIETNAM NDONESIA +0.006 +0.002 CAMBODIA SOUTH KOREA 0.000 CHINA 19 17 +0.005 +0.002 -0.004 3 16 +0.002 130 4 2015 7/145 0.790 +0.045 -0.006 2016 7/144 0.786 MALAYSIA BRUNE MANNAR FLI VANUATU JAPAN 2017 10/144 0.790 BW S 2018 8/149 0.799 2020* 16/153 0.781 2021* 17/156 0.784 2022 19/146 0.783 SOURCE: WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM'S GLOBAL GENDER GAP REPORT 2022 (16TH EDITION) BUSINESSWORLD RESEARCH: BERNADETTE THERESE M. GADON and ABIGAIL MARIE PYRAOLA BUSINESSWORLD GRAPHICS: BONG R. FORTN 5.1 End discrimination against all women and girls 5.2 Eliminate violence against women and girls 5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices such as child marriage 5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work 5.5 Ensure women's participation and leadership in decision-making 5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and rights 5b. Enhance the use of information and communications technology Sc Has the Gains in Gender Equality and Women Empowerment Derailed by the COVID-19 Pandemic? Adopt and strengthen policies and legislation 3#415TH NATIONAL CONVENTION ON STATISTICS 03-05 OCTOBER 2022 Objectives and Significance of the Study Organized by the Philippine Statistical System Spearheaded by the Philippine Statistics Authority PHILIPPINE STATISTICS AUTHORITY Solid Responsive. World-class This study aims to assess the current state of gender in the Philippine labor market. Specifically, this study intends to: 1. determine the trends in the gender gap in the Philippine labor market during the pre-COVID 19 pandemic, during the pandemic and during the recovery period 2. examine the changes in the number of hours spent on unpaid care and domestic work between men and women as compared to the past quarter because of the imposed granular lockdowns and flexible working arrangements due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Has the Gains in Gender Equality and Women Empowerment Derailed by the COVID-19 Pandemic? 4#515TH NATIONAL CONVENTION ON STATISTICS 03-05 OCTOBER 2022 Data Sources STATISTICS Organized by the Philippine Statistical System Spearheaded by the Philippine Statistics Authority PHILIPPINE AUTHORITY Solid Responsive. World-class · 2019, 2020 and 2021 Labor Force Survey April 2021 rider survey to the gendered impacts of COVID-19 in partnership with the UN Women through the Women Count program. Has the Gains in Gender Equality and Women Empowerment Derailed by the COVID-19 Pandemic? 5 LO#62005April 2006January 2007July 2008April 2006October 2009January 2009October 2010 July 15TH NATIONAL CONVENTION ON STATISTICS 03-05 OCTOBER 2022 Results and Discussions Figure 1. Labor Force Participation Rate Among Men and Women: April 2005 July 2022 2011April 2012January 2012October 2013July 2014 April 2015January 2015October 2016July MALE ―FEMALE 2017April 2018January 2018October 2019July 2020April 2021January 2021July 2021April 2021Octoberp 2022Januaryp 2022Aprilp 2022Julyp 50.0 6.5 40.0 100.0 Organized by the Philippine Statistical System Spearheaded by the Philippine Statistics Authority PHILIPPINE STATISTICS AUTHORITY Solid Responsive World-class Figure 2. Percentage distribution of Working Age population by Labor Force Status and Sex: 2021P 90.0 дового 7.0 8.0 36.8 4.8 4.7 80.0 55.3 70.0 3.1 70.9 3.9 7.0 4.7 20.6 33.7 32.2 3.9 43.2 55.7 73.5 60.0 6.7 30.0 5.2 20.0 38.2 10.0 24.0 84.9 56.5 90.4 62.4 Notes: p Preliminary and may change All estimates used the 2015 POPCEN-based Population Projection. Has the Gains in Gender Equality and Women Empowerment Derailed by the COVID-19 Pandemic? 88.3 75.5 64.7 2.2 0.0 Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 and Over 2021 EMPLOYED UNEMPLOYED NOT IN THE LABOR FORCE 1.2 54.6 0.5 43.1 25.9 6#72005 April 2006January 2006October 2007July 2008April 2009January 2009October 2010 July 2011April 15TH NATIONAL CONVENTION ON STATISTICS 03-05 OCTOBER 2022 Results and Discussions Figure 3. Employment Rate Among Men and Women: April 2005 July 2022 Organized by the Philippine Statistical System Spearheaded by the Philippine Statistics Authority PHILIPPINE STATISTICS Solid Resp Responsive AUTHORITY World-class Figure 4. Proportion of Self-Employed and Unpaid Family Workers: 2019, 2020, 2021P 2012January 2012October 2013July 2014 April 2015January 2015October 2016July MALE FEMALE 2017 April 2018January 2018October 2019July 2020April 2021January 2021April 2021July 2021Octoberp 2022Januaryp 2022Aprilp 2022Julyp 2019 2020 Women 2021 Men 24.6 Women 27.7 Men 27.7 4.2 Men 20.1 29.3 Notes: p Preliminary and may change All estimates used the 2015 POPCEN-based Population Projection. Has the Gains in Gender Equality and Women Empowerment Derailed by the COVID-19 Pandemic? Women 21.3 3.7 Self Employed Unpaid Family Worker 4.7 11.3 39.0 39.0 9.7 30.0 8.7 7 23.8 31.9 29.3#8PHILIPPINE STATISTICS AUTHORITY Solid Responsive. World-class 15TH NATIONAL CONVENTION ON STATISTICS 03-05 OCTOBER 2022 Results and Discussions Organized by the Philippine Statistical System Spearheaded by the Philippine Statistics Authority Table 1. Percent Distribution of Employment (including Basic Pay) by Occupation and by Sex, Philippines, 2021P Percent Share to Total Basic Pay MAJOR OCCUPATION Employment Male Female Male Female Managers 6.1 10.4 1,041 995 Professionals 3.2 9.1 1,081 973 Technicians and Associate Professionals 3.2 4.6 714 689 Clerical Support Workers 4.5 9.5 606 612 Service and Sales Workers 13.1 31.2 497 376 Skilled Agricultural Forestry and Fishery Workers 16.9 5.6 372 254 Craft and Related Trades Workers 9.9 2.7 463 346 Plant and Machine Operators and Assemblers 11.2 1.7 476 420 Elementary Occupations 31.6 25.1 358 275 Armed Forces Occupations 0.3 0.0 1,107 1,396 Notes: 0.0 Less than 0.05 percent but not equal to zero p-Preliminary and may change All estimates used the 2015 POPCEN-based Population Projection. Has the Gains in Gender Equality and Women Empowerment Derailed by the COVID-19 Pandemic? 8#915TH NATIONAL CONVENTION ON STATISTICS 03-05 OCTOBER 2022 Results and Discussions 0 Organized by the Philippine Statistical System Spearheaded by the Philippine Statistics Authority PHILIPPINE STATISTICS AUTHORITY Solid Responsive. World-class Mean Hours Per Week (2021p) Percentage of Working More Than 48 Hours (2021p) MEN 39.3 16.38 WOMEN 39.9 22.96 Has the Gains in Gender Equality and Women Empowerment Derailed by the COVID-19 Pandemic? 9#1015TH NATIONAL CONVENTION ON STATISTICS 03-05 OCTOBER 2022 Results and Discussions 20.0 15.0 17.9 15.3 10.0 8.6 Organized by the Philippine Statistical System Spearheaded by the Philippine Statistics Authority Figure 4. Trend in the Underemployment Rate, Visible Underemployment Rate, and Invisible Underemployment of Men and Women: 2019, 2020, 2021P 17.7 20.0 15.0 12.5 11.8 5.9 5.4 6.7 5.0 PHILIPPINE STATISTICS AUTHORITY Solid Responsive. World-class 13.6 13.2 11.4 9.9 9.2 10.0 7.4 5.0 4.0 4.1 3.7 0.0 0.0 2019 2020 2021 2019 2020 Men Women 2021 Underemployment Rate Visibly Underemployment Rate Invisibly Underemployment Rate Has the Gains in Gender Equality and Women Empowerment Derailed by the COVID-19 Pandemic? 10#1115TH NATIONAL CONVENTION ON STATISTICS 03-05 OCTOBER 2022 Results and Discussions Organized by the Philippine Statistical System Spearheaded by the Philippine Statistics Authority PHILIPPINE STATISTICS Solid Resp Responsive AUTHORITY World-class Percentage of Men and Women who reported Increased in the Time Spent on Unpaid Domestic Work from January 2021 to April 2021 =0° Cooking and serving meals Women Men increased 18.0% 7.0% Cleaning Women increased 19.4% Men 7.0% SHOPPING Women Men increased 11.0% 5.6% PET CARE Women Men increased 3.7% 4.6% COLLECTING WATER/FUEL Decoration and repair Women S 10.5% 庭 Men increased 7.1% Women 4.3% Men increased 7.2% 11 Has the Gains in Gender Equality and Women Empowerment Derailed by the COVID-19 Pandemic?#1215TH NATIONAL CONVENTION ON STATISTICS 03-05 OCTOBER 2022 Results and Discussions • Organized by the Philippine Statistical System Spearheaded by the Philippine Statistics Authority PHILIPPINE STATISTICS AUTHORITY Solid Responsive World-class Percentage of Men and Women who reported Increased in the Time Spent on Unpaid Care Work from January 2022 to :April 2021 Minding Children Caring for children Caring for children Women increased 12.8% MEN 5.5% Women 13.4% MEN Women MEN increased 5.6% increased 13.4% 5.6% Playing/talking/reading Playing/talking/reading Playing/talking/reading Women 13.1% MEN increased 6.2% Women 13.1% increased MEN 6.2% Women 13.1% increased MEN 6.2% Instructing/teaching children Instruction/Teaching children Assisting older/sick Women 15.6% increased MEN 6.6% Women 15.6% increased MEN 6.6% Women 2.8% MEN increased 1.9% Has the Gains in Gender Equality and Women Empowerment Derailed by the COVID-19 Pandemic? 12#1315TH NATIONAL CONVENTION ON STATISTICS 03-05 OCTOBER 2022 Organized by the Philippine Statistical System Spearheaded by the Philippine Statistics Authority PHILIPPINE STATISTICS AUTHORITY Solid Responsive. World-class • Conclusion and recommendation The paper can be further enhanced by looking at the other determinants of the key labor and employment variables. With the result of our study, the gains in gender equality and women empowerment were derailed by the COVID-19 pandemic. • • . Concerted efforts between the government, private sector, NGOs and international organizations to further accelerate development and implementation of programs and policies towards gender equality more sustainable and decent work opportunities for all especially among women burden on unpaid care and domestic work must be equally distributed among the household members, especially between men and women for them to have more opportunities to enhance and use their skills and capabilities to better participate in the labor market. Has the Gains in Gender Equality and Women Empowerment Derailed by the COVID-19 Pandemic? 13#1415TH NATIONAL CONVENTION ON STATISTICS 03-05 OCTOBER 2022 References PHILIPPINE STATISTICS Organized by the Philippine Statistical System Spearheaded by the Philippine Statistics Authority Solid Responsive. World-class S AUTHORITY Asian Development Bank. (2013). Gender Equality in the Labor Market in the Philippines. Retrieved from https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/31194/gender- equality-labor-market-philippines.pdf Business World. (July 2022). Philippines Fall Further in Global Gender Gap Report. Retrieved from Philippines falls further in global gender gap report - BusinessWorld Online (bworldonline.com) International Labour Organization. (2020). The Future of Work in the Philippines: Assessing the impact of technological changes on occupations and sectors. Retrieved from wcms 762207.pdf (ilo.org) National Economic and Development Authority. (August 2022). PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2023-2028 TO PROVIDE ROADMAP TOWARDS SUSTAINED AND INCLUSIVE GROWTH-NEDA. Retrieved from https://neda.gov.ph/philippine-development-plan-2023-2028-to-provide-roadmap-towards-sustained-and-inclusive-growth- neda/#text=August 3%2C 2022 - The Philippine Development Plan,brought by health%2C geopolitical%2C and other economic shocks. Philippine Commission on Women. (August 2022). Gender Equality and the Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved from Gender Equality and the Sustainable Development Goals Philippine Commission on Women (pcw.gov.ph) Philippine Commission on Women. (N.A). PCW: PH ranking in Gender Gap Report must spark renewed commitment towards pursuing equality. Retrieved from PCW: PH ranking in Gender Gap Report must spark renewed commitment towards pursuing equality - Philippine Commission on Women Serban, A. (2012). Aging population and effects on the labour market. Procedia Economics and Finance I, 356-364 UN Women. (2021). Women and girls left behind glaring gaps in pandemic responses. Retrieved from glaring-gaps-response-RGA.pdf (unwomen.org) UN Women. (2021). Whose time to care? Unpaid Care and Domestic Work during COVID-19. Retrieved from Whose-time-to-care-brief_0.pdf (unwomen.org) Icons used from https://www.flaticon.com/free-icons/free Has the Gains in Gender Equality and Women Empowerment Derailed by the COVID-19 Pandemic? 14#1515TH NATIONAL CONVENTION ON STATISTICS 03-05 OCTOBER 2022 Organized by the Philippine Statistical System Spearheaded by the Philippine Statistics Authority Thank you! http://www.psa.gov.ph/ncs http://openstat.psa.gov.ph t https://twitter.com/PSAgovph f https://www.facebook.com/PSAgovph Has the Gains in Gender Equality and Women Empowerment Derailed by the COVID-19 Pandemic? LIPPINE S STATISTICS Renove AUTHORIT Word-d 15