#1RESEARCHING YOUR ROOTS IN NORTHERN MEXICO (AUGUST 2017) BY JOHN P. SCHMAL PACIFIC OCEAN UNITED STATES DARALA MÉXICO GATEUM BELICK#2NORTHERN MEXICO TODAY Arizona Mexicali Tucson New Mexico El Paso Juarez Puerto Peñasco Heroica Nogales Ascensión Odessa Dallas UNITED STATES Texas Sonora Namiquipa New Braunfels Baja California Chihuaua Saucillo Corpus Christi Guaymas Navojoa Los Mochis Coahuila Laredo Hidalgo del Parral Monclova Nuevo León Reynosa Pacific Ocean La Paz Sinaloa Durango Lerdo Saltillo Monterrey Durango 100 Kilometers 100 Miles Tamaulipas Mazatlán Matehuala Gulf of Mexico Northern Mexico The Bajío Pacific Coast Central Mexico Source: WikiVoyage, "Northern Mexico." 2 COPYRIGHT © 2017 JOHN P. SCHMAL#3COLONIAL MEXICO POLITICAL JURISDICTIONS Sinaloa y Sonora was detached from Nueva Vizcaya in 1733. Coahuila was separated from Nueva Vizcaya and became a province in 1716. Anspe SINALOA CALIF ORNI Loreto NUEVA COAHUILA VIZCAYA SONORA Durango Monclova TEXAS S Antonio NUEVO Montey LEON NUEVO SANTANDER Santander Source: Peter Gerhard, "The North Frontier of New Spain" (1982). NUEVA COLON GATICIA COPYRIGHT 2017 JOHN P. SCHMAL 3#4NORTHERN MEXICO ECCLESIASTICAL DIVISIONS NOTE Canfora was clumed by both Durango and Guadalajara in 1627- 3731, Man wi signed to Quadalajara and at 1700 to Sonors DURANGO 7621) AR aans Michoacán.and Maxic in 17796 40 MICHOACAN MEXICO Peter Gerhard's "North Frontier of New Spain" is the primary English language source of information for historical data on specific northern Mexican jurisdictions, with regards to their indigenous populations, Spanish settlement, racial mix, church activities, encomiendas and settlements. Source: Peter Gerhard, "The North Frontier of New Spain" (1982). 4#5(Franciscan molegio d Quanape de Zacate NORTHERN MEXICO MISSIONARY DISTRICTS (1767) In 1767, the Jesuits were expelled from the entire Americas by the King of Spain. Hundreds of mission establishments, schools and Jesuit Franciscan colleges had to Augustinian be turned over to the Franciscan and Dominican missionary SONORA NUEVO MEXICO (Franoscan provincia del Santo Evangelo de México TARAHUMARA CHINIPAS SINALOA Jesuit proviticia de Méxicol (Franciscan corogio de Sta Crit de Quenbarc Franciscan provincia de Santiago de Xalacy (Franciscan prowinow de Francisco de Zacatecas) NAYARIT Zacatecas 5 Las Potos orders or were converted to other purposes. Source: Peter Gerhard, "The North Frontier of New Spain" (1982). Gundnivary ciscan provincia Santiago de Xalisco Pablo de M Valladol Augustinian ovince 5 Nicola Tolentino de Menosca ranciscan provincia Santo Evangelo de 5#6LOCATION ANALYSIS LOCATION ANALYSIS The ultimate goal of researching your Northern Mexican roots is to learn everything you can about the region your ancestors came from. Examples: Get a detailed map that shows municipio boundaries to study the surrounding towns, cities and ranchos. (Guia Roji maps recommended – from Amazon.com). - Study the area history by checking resources on Amazon.com and Borderlands Books and bookfinder.com using specific key words. Check the Family History Library Catalog for the availability of church and civil records 5 GUIA ROJI COAHUILA 6 COPYRIGHT © 2017 JOHN P. SCHMAL#7THE "ENCICLOPEDIA DE LOS MUNICIPIOS" Enciclopedia de los Municipios y Delegaciones de México The Encyclopedia of Municipios of Mexico offers information about each of the 2,440 municipios located throughout the 31 Mexican states, as well as the 16 Delegaciones of the Federal District. Each municipio description usually contains a short chronology of historical events (Cronología de Hechos Historicos) as well as a short history of the municipio (Reseña Histórica). Usually the history gives the name of the local indigenous tribe and discusses the establishment of local churches, missions and presidios. Many of the descriptions provide a map of the municipio showing place names, and you will also find out the names of surrounding municipios (under Localización). To locate the state of your choice, simply google three words: 1. Enciclopedia 2. Municipios 3. The State of your choice (i.e., Tamaulipas, Sonora, etc.). 7#8NORTHERN MEXICO CATHOLIC CHURCH RECORDS Parish Archives: Were confiscated as part of the overall confiscation of church property following Mexican Revolution. Many were microfilmed by the LDS with permission of the Mexican government in 1960s and 1970s. ■ Are now back under control of Catholic Church. Availability of Parish Archives to Researchers: At the whim of the parish priest and his availability and willingness. ■ Are often difficult to access. Some parish books have detached and out-of-order pages. Other records have suffered water damage or are missing altogether. ■ But LDS Resources are extensive and can be studied online at: https://familysearch.org/search/collection/list#page=1&region=MEXICO ■ The Hispanic Heritage Project is working with local parishes and archives in Sonora and Chihuahua to film more records. Check out their website: http://www.hh-p.org/ COPYRIGHT 2017 JOHN P. SCHMAL 80#9NORTHERN MEXICO GENEALOGICAL RESEARCH THROUGH FAMILY HISTORY LIBRARY RECORDS WHAT IS CURRENTLY AVAILABLE ONLINE? Record Indexed Catholic Catholic State Images Records* Baptisms Marriages Coahuila 1.8 million 1.4 million 567,407 137,062 Chihuahua 2.3 million 2.05 million 1.03 million 286,224 Sonora 1.4 million 790,000 265,023 54,419 Nuevo Leon 1.6 million 1.6 million 964,000 219,000 Tamaulipas 1.7 million 1.4 million 787,760 187,473 All Mexico 93.9 million 72 million 35.3 million 6 million Source: Family History Library, "Mexico Indexed Historical Records." * Some events (baptisms and marriages) may have been indexed more than once. 9 COPYRIGHT © 2017 JOHN P. SCHMAL#10RACIAL CLASSIFICATIONS IN COLONIAL MEXICO In most parishes, racial classifications were made strictly on sight and not based on actual knowledge of the person's pedigree. It is likely that in many cases the classifications were applied indiscriminately and were primarily based on skin color, as well as facial features, type of clothing worn and the barrio where they lived. Casta terms for miscegenation in Spanish America Parent 1st generation 2nd generation (with one Spanish parent) 2nd generation (with one Amerindian parent) 2nd generation (with one black parent) Black Peninsular Peninsular + mulato criollo mestizo Amerindian Black I zambo ↓ ↓ morisco criollo castizo moreno chino mestizo negro fino mulato cholo cimarrón cambujo prieto Term Description Español Indio Negro Mulatto Mestizo Coyote A person who appears to be of European ancestry (French / Spanish / German) A person with indigenous ancestry An African person who may or may not be a slave (esclavo) Half European & half African. This person may or may not be a slave (esclavo) or free (libre). Half European & half Indian. Eventually it came to mean all mixed people. Indio con mestizo: A person who is 34 Indian and ¼ European Morisco Blanco con mulata: 3/4 European and ¼ African - one white parent and one mulato parent Tresalba Lobo Indio con mestiza: "Three White" - same as Morisco. Very rarely used Indo con negra: A person with ¾ Indians and ¼ African ancestry Sources: Ilona Katzew, "Casta Painting: Identity and Social Stratification in Colonial Mexico" (New York University, 1996); Familysearch.org, "Spanish Genealogical Word List: Racial Terminology." Online: https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/Spanish_Genealogical_Word_List. 10#11SONORA 1 ACONCHI 2 AGUA PRETA 3 ALAMOS SARVECHI 37 MAZATAN 38 MOCTEZUMA 39 NACO 40 NACORI CHICO 41 NACOZARI DE GARCIA 42 NAVOJOA 4 ALTAR 6 ARIZPE 7 ATIL 43 NOGALES BACADEHUACHE 44 ONAVAS 9BACANORA 10 BACERAC 11 BACOACH 12 BACUM 13 BANAMICH 14 BAVIACORA 15 BAVISPE 16 BENJAMIN HILL 17 CABORCA 18 CAJEME 19 CANANEA 20 CARBO 21 LA COLORADA 22 CUCURPE 23 CUMPAS 24 DIVISADEROS 25 EMPALME 26 ETCHOJOA 27 FRONTERAS 28 GRANADOS 29 GUAYMAS 30 HERMOSILLO 31 HUACHINERA 32 HUASABAS 33 HUATABAMPO 34 HUEPAC 35 MURIS 36 MAGDALENA 45 OPODEPE 46 OQUITOA 47 PITIQUITO 48 PUERTO PENASCO 49QUIREGO 50 RAYON 51 ROSARIO $2 SAHUARIPA 53 SAN FELIPE DE JESUS 54 SAN JAVIER 55 SAN LUAS RIO COLORADO Municipios de 56 SAN MIGUEL DE HORCASITAS 57 SAN PEDRO DE LA CUEVA 58 SANTA ANA 59 SANTA CRUZ 60 SARIC 61 SOYOPA 62 SUAQUI GRANDE 63 TEPACHE 64 TRINCHERAS 65 TUBUTAMA 66 URES 67 VILLA HIDALGO 48 VILLA PESQUERA YECORA 70 GRAL PLUTARCO ELIAS CALLES 71 BENITO JUAREZ 72 SAN IGNACIO RIO MUERTO 00 65 SONORA 50 68 Cajeme 07 31 Sonora is the 2nd largest state. Area: 180,833 square km. Percent of Mexico's Territory: 9.15% No. of Municipios: 72 2010 Population: 2.9 million inhabitants Percent of Mexican Population: 2.4% Capital: Hermosillo Sonora's western region has several large municipios (Caborca, Pitiquito, Hermosillo and Guaymas among them). While recent civil records are available for many municipios, the FHL has microfilm for only a few Sonora Catholic Churches, and there are significant gaps in many of their parish archives. 11#12SONORA GENEALOGICAL RESEARCH Sonora Records through the Family History Library Catholic Church How far back? Problems with Catholic Church Records Civil Records Problems with Civil Records Publications 21 locations Few locations go back before 1700 (Alamos: 1696; Magdalena: 1698). Most Sonora church records go back to the late 1700s. Many of these parish books have gaps and may not be inclusive of the entire parish. There are many gaps in the records and there are some records that have not been filmed. In some cities baptisms may go back to the 1700s, but marriages only go back to the 1800s. Examples: Guaymas baptisms go back to 1783, marriages only go back to 1846. For Hermosillo, baptisms go back to 1783, marriages to 1814. 81 locations Some of the earlier civil records have gaps and some films may have many sections which are usually not in perfect chronological order. Patricia Velasco Wilkes wrote two volumes of "Out of the Past: Sinaloa y Sonora (1717-1797)" that talk extensively about Alamos, its history, mining operations and parish. It includes extensive data on many Alamos surnames. 12#13THE MISSION 2000 DATABASE The Mission 2000 Database is a searchable database of Spanish mission records of the Pimería Alta (southern Arizona and northern Sonora) containing baptisms, marriages, and burials from the 1600s to the 1800s. Sample citations are shown below: https://home.nps.gov/applications/tuma/search.cfm Surname: Ronstadt Place of Birth: Emden, Germany Place of Death: Race or Tribe: Tudesco Place of Service: Given Name: Friderich Agustus Date of Birth: Date of Death: Residence: Topahue; Altar; Magdalena; Tucson Burial Place: Sex: M Order: Cause of Death: Title: Viudo de Concepción Quiroga; Marido de Margarita Redondo; Involved in Sonoran politics after Mexican Independence Translation: Notes: He managed Manuel Gándara's hacienda at Topahui. He was later a military officer under Gándara's rival. Colonel José María Elias Gonzales, and a sergeant major under General Ignacio Pesqueira, another of Gándara's competitors for the governorship of Sonora. Surname: Carmona Place of Birth: Place of Death: Terrenate Race or Tribe: Opata Place of Service: Bacoachi Given Name: José Sex: M Order: Cause of Death: Killed by Apaches Date of Birth: Date of Death: 07/23/1797 Residence: Bacoachi Burial Place: Terrenate Title: Soldado de Bacoachi; Marido de María Eusebio Verdugo Translation: (Spanish) Notes: "In the year of the Lord, 1797, on July 23rd ecclesiastical burial was provided the body of José Carmona in the Presidio of Santa María. He was an Opata soldier of this company. He died the day before in an attack by the Apaches. His unfortunate death was made known to me on the 27th of the said month and year. He was married to Maria Eusebia Verdugo and for the truth of all, I sign on the said day, the 27th. Fr. Antonio Beneitez" 13#14SONORA INDIGENOUS GROUPS AT CONTACT Ipai Quechan Apache 324 The native Tipai Dieguino Cocopa Maricopa Papago Chiricahua Apache people Mescalero Apache Camanche Paipai Yuman occupying the Kiliwa Nakipa Upper Pima Jocome & Jano Sinaloa and Sonora coastal Sea of Cortez Suma Borjeno region at contact spoke eighteen Pacific Ocean COCHIMI closely related Opata Seri Lower Pima 9 Jumano Lipan Concho dialects of the Cáhita language group. They numbered about 115,000. Today only three of these dialects still survive: The Yaquis, Mayos and Guarijios. Tribe Numbers: 1- Eudeve 2- Jova 3- Toba 4- Guarijio 5- Yarohio 6- Chihipa Ignacieno 10- Tepahhui 11- Mocorito 12- Vigitga 13- Tecual 14- Tepecan 15- Colotlan 7- Temori 16- Teul 8- Quazapar 17- Tecuexe 9- Muima 18- Huichol Cadegomeno GUAYCURA Yaqui 10 Cora Mayo Tarahumara 5 8 61 Tubar Cahita Guasave Acaxee Xixime Tahue Totorame Pericu Tribal Native American Regions Illustrated by Eddie Martinez © 2008 Tepehuan Copyright 2017 by John P. Schmal. All Rights Reserved. Toboso Zacatec Gulf Coastal & Interior Cora Cazan 18 14 Pame 13 15 16 17 Cora Coca Cuyutec#15EARLY SONORA RECORDS Colonial records in Sonora used a range of racial classifications. In Hermosillo, on June 20, 1784, a Yaqui child (Hiagui de Potam) was baptized by his parents who were from Rahum. On July 6, another family baptized their child, who was classified as a "parvulo de razon” – a non-Indian child (probably Spanish). 34 Maria Setan Air pans? Jen - pano-g In veinte de Junio de 1784 baptize solemnem de a una nacio al medio dia del 16 sel exprerrado mes, y se le puso el nombre d Maquis Maxia Fetendis, sifa & Josef Furacamea, y utapdalena Joguique siaquir de Rahum: Padrinos Peronimo Joncome Itiagui de Potam, y Rora Seamu de Vicam aquienes adventi el parentesco espiritual the. y gf corte Lo to 35. mi en The dia mes, y año ut Suma= M. f... Bing And Numer Suñezy Julio D1784- -able Mancial en seis de Julio del 184, Jo el infrascrito baptize solemnem. the aun sans de fazon "I pare н nacio el 30 del mes anterior y se le puso el nombre de Pablo Mant al hib les de Josef Ant wastinez, y Brisida Lopez de Aro vecing & em de S Pedro del Pitics Abuelos Jaleanor Joret iration intantines, y Juana Coata reci grunta, y vecinos del R! de Josef de Sxacia: Materner Ant! Lopez de mane yo Junto, y Vaula Cervantes Vecino tambien de the It!.. Padrines Jr. Frans Nas! I'monene, y de stania Bambana Perez Jennaro conjuges, y Vecino, & esta Villa adventi el paxentesco eyinitual dic. yp. gf conite to firmi 15#16И SONORA INDIANS: ALTAR Some Indigenous people had important events (baptisms & marriages) recorded in the towns where they were born and raised. But many Indians also sought employment in regions outside of their native lands, such as Altar. Hence, you find records for Pimas, Opatas and Yaquis side-by-side in cities some distance from their traditional homelands. 7 Jimmi Lamb 634 En finysé's dias del mes de junio de mil seresies wos ochenta y nude on evre Pub! he Mariano = la Puru? Conup" be Cabonca se dio sepultura ciuios aui Port: g' movis el Pinan- •Pazbulo= res, llamado Morians, hips lexitimo be Cyprian Connyoy be Michaela Cartagena, you ditore, Indios de this Sund! tenia unds ou meses. Par gliconire to firme anstodia ſen, Pima = Find Ramis 639 yaño ut suppa: En veinte bins for me de Sumo de mil resecinte ochenta y mube on wit, ud. De late- Juan Jon: Coney. De Cabonca se bio repulsion exterior aun pand" of music ordinances, a Parbulo = mado Juan Ign. De uns quains and be edad, hijo lexitimo be Tran el Pakarine y De catha Janchez, el Opara yella Yaqui. Panag. coure to time on the dies mis -yaño ut Suppo Fr. Anti Rambr opara- 636 en veine yoines dias bet mu de Junio de mil recinto ochenta y nube on re Rud! Gerandi's= De La Purur. Coness" De Calonca redio epulous citygian "auna Ponda bener quatre ans Pazbuta = 9/muxio el dia anous, llamada Tecaudis, hija lexitima be Hicolas Quitena y de Mania Ya Yaqui = quitar, Jaquil det ud. He boxin. Parag: convre lotions in the dia, my yaño unisa. 1637 Fino. Rams COPYRIGHT © 2017 JOHN P. SCHMAL 16#17CHIHUAHUA Sonora Estados Unidos de América Durango Sinaloa -E Chihuahua is the largest state. Area: 247,455 square km. Percent of Mexico's Territory: 12.6% No. of Municipios: 67 2010 Population: 3.6 million inhabitants Percent of Mexican Population: 3.2% Capital: The City of Chihuahua Coahuila The City of Chihuahua City had 809,232 inhabitants in 2010, representing one-quarter (22.8%) of the state's total population. COPYRIGHT © 2017 JOHN P. SCHMAL 17#18CHIHUAHUA GENEALOGICAL RESEARCH Chihuahua Records through the Family History Library Catholic Church Records How far back? Problems with Catholic Church Records Civil Records 55 locations More than 30 Chihuahua parishes have records that go back to the 1700s, and some of the largest cities have records back to their earliest years: Cusihuiriachic (1670), Chihuahua (1709), Parral (1632) and Allende (1662). Chihuahua was established in 1707, and its church records began soon after (1709). The Parral silver mines were discovered in 1631, and their records go back to 1632. Although the mines of Santa Barbara were first discovered in 1567, their church records only go back to 1679. With the exception of some of the larger cities, many Chihuahua church records with the FHL are incomplete collections, with some sporadic and out-of-order records and gaps that cross many years. 117 locations. The larger municipios usually have good coverage, while smaller areas have spotty records. COPYRIGHT © 2017 JOHN P. SCHMAL 18#19CHIHUAHUA: ANCESTORS FROM SPAIN Many ancestors may be classified as "Español" but only a few are actually born in España. To locate Spanish-born ancestors, use the DRSW database or find documents that note a place of origin. An example from Hidalgo de Parral from 1787 is shown below. has der José del Laval, solemente por palabras presence, despose on the Yard Dr. Andes Gil, y Pardo, español, natural de la Villa ded Maxute, en los Reynos de Care. of Parag ท وه по de esta Tha ya hife le mode Dr. Andres Gil, y y de De Tarefa Pardo, y à Da Anna Tos fa de bazoo, tambim expañola, narural y Pamog na de tha Za hila Toririma De Li ahile gros L. Base- Andres Gil y Pardo, Español, native of the Villa of Matute, in the Kingdom of Castilla. 19#20CHIHUAHUA: ABUELOS PATERNOS In Chihuahua, showing abuelos in bautismos started shortly after 1800. In Ciudad de Chihuahua, Parral and Santa Barbara the abuelos started circa 1801-02. Smaller towns started later. However, in other states, such as Coahuila, some parishes did not start showing abuelos until the 1840s. Sonora state's church records rarely showed abuelos. 755. Cu triste de Tenis desitil échocinior Secension. At Sher- Jore Pe DiManuel Cartels, ons ton en esta Dra. Iglesia Pazed- Dro, Pablo guial de S. Frames getter. Des de Royle de lite bast de Gene. So loversiente à Je Peder Pablo on Ben Padrinos Posar elvin- tinig del Costs life beyone. S. J. Dolors Sancha yet? de Jeren Saloriz. Alt. Pot? Your Sancto y Descri Pada P Compune Hornan. y Marquetta Jan appreciated advectis la Obliquam Entrahide. Open que quechan 'Cause le frènic conmigo. Manuel Carth 20 Child's Name The Parents Abuelos Paternos Abuelos Maternos COPYRIGHT ©2017 JOHN P. SCHMAL 20 20#21Chihuahua's Indigenous People at Contact The original inhabitants of Chihuahua belonged to a wide range of nomadic and seminomadic groups of hunters, most of which are now culturally extinct. According to the American anthropologist, Edward H. Spicer (1906-1983), the Spaniards recognized the following as the primary language groups: Tarahumaras Janos Warihios (Guarijios) Sumas Apaches (who arrived in the area by the 1650s) Conchos Tobosos In referencing the "ethnic complexity of the region," William B. Griffen's "Indian Assimilation in the Franciscan Area of Nueva Vizcaya" provides 127 tribal names for indigenous bands and tribal groups in the area the Spaniards referred to as the "Greater Conchería." However, because this list included "possible alternate designations" of some groups, Griffen only offers detailed descriptions of 89 bands and tribal groups in all. However, Griffen also cautions that a large number of these groups "are not placeable, linguistically or geographically, except within rather broad limits." Source: William B. Griffen, Indian Assimilation in the Franciscan Area of Nueva Vizcaya. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona Number 33 21#22Indigenous Chihuahua at Contact SONORA Janos Sumas Jovas Jumas Navacoyangs О Obesi Mansos Gus Conchos Coyamb Conje С Tarahumaras Aycaines Pimas Состралия Praakges Chinipas Guazapares Tepehuanes Source: Wikipedia, "Conchos." Online: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conchos TEXAS Julimies Tobosos 22#23The Apaches and their Effect on the Mission System The Apaches were hunter-gatherers related linguistically to the Athapaskan speakers of Alaska. Over time, the Apache raids in Chihuahua, Coahuila, Texas and Nuevo León displaced many of the nomadic hunter-gatherer groups, including the Sumas, Mansos, Chinarras, Jócomes, Janos and the Coahuiltecans. In addition, epidemic diseases depleted the indigenous populations, making them even more vulnerable to their highly- mobile Apache enemy. Eventually, the numerous Spanish missions in the region would provide a refuge for the displaced and declining Indian populations. In the mission system, local Indians mixed with displaced groups from Coahuila, Chihuahua and Texas. This displacement created an unusual ethnic mix that led to the assimilation of many of the Northern Mexican Indians. SAN PEDRO TUCSON SAN XAVIER DEL BAC TUBAC COYOTERO EASTERN COYOTERO APACHE ८ SANTA RITA DEL COBRE COPPER MINES MIMBRE WARM SPRINGS APACHE SAN BERNARDINO Les Playas Aninas Peak TUMACACOR SUAMCA SANTA CRUZ TERRENATE COCOSPERA MURIS TUBUTAMA HERMOSILLO MAGDALENA FRONTERAS CUQUIARACHI COPPER A JANOS ROBLEDO E NATAGES APACHE R NEW MEXICO CHINUANUA PASO DEL NORTE Lage de Sante Moria SAN ELEAZARIO O Lago de Guzman OUZMAN CASAS GRANDES BATEPITO CARRETAS CORRAL TOS CHINAPA BAVISPE NACOZAR CARISPE CUCURPE D)P BANAMICHI AT CUMPAS ComSURA BACADEGUACHI TONIBAVI NACORI SATACHI S HORCASITAS SONORA SAN MARCIAL GUAYMA'S URES TEOPAR ALAMOS MAZATAN SUAQU RAHU 810 GALEAME Lago de Pelos CARRIZAL E del Apacte EL CARMEN Chile Hill SAN BUENAVENTURA JESUS MARIA Lege de Bujites GLO SILVER ROAD Logo de ANGE Legend PRESIDIOS TOWNS & PLACES OF INTEREST PRESENT DAY POLITICAL BOUNDARIES APACHE PLUNDER TRAILS RIVERS NEW MEXICO TEXAS MESCALERO APACHE COTOME PRESIDO DEL NORTE ENCINILLAS Les Mexicanos CIUDAD CHIHUAHUA JULIMES SAN CARLOS Source: The Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) and The University of Virginia; Image included in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107. Source: Cynthia Radding, "The Colonial Pact and Changing Ethnic Frontiers in Highland Sonora, 1740-1840," in Donna J. Guy and Thomas E. Sheridan (eds.), Contested Ground: Comparative Frontiers on the Northern and Southern Edges of the Spanish Empire, pp. 52-66. (Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 1998) 23 RIVER#24COAHUILA ESTADO DE CHIHUAHUA 034 002 ESTADOS UNIDOS 014 025 038 022 020 019 003 032 037 012 023 013 028 031 015 026 021 008 016 001 029010 018 005 007 006 009 033 017 011 024 ESTADO DE DURANGO 036 035 ESTADO DE ZACATECAS 027 ESTADO DE NUEVO LEÓN 004 030 Coahuila is the third largest state. Area: 151,562 square km. Percent of Mexico's Territory: 7.7% No. of Municipios: 38 2010 Population: 3 million inhabitants Percent of Mexican Population: 2.5% Capital: Saltillo In 2010, Saltillo had a population of 725,123 in 2010, representing almost one- quarter (24.5%) of the state's total population. Los Bexarenos sells 41 publications for Coahuila, including 25 indexes for baptisms and marriages. Coahuila has many large municipios, including Ocampo (23), Parras (24), Acuña (2) and Ramos Arizpe (27). Extensive civil registration is available for all four of these municipios and for many others. Catholic Church records for Ocampo and Acuña are not available through the FHL, but they are for Parras (1683) and Ramos Arizpe (1783). Torreon was a stopping-point for many migrants going north but it was only established in 1883 when the railroad came through, and its records only go back to 1893.#25The Major Coahuiltecans Tribes The 1955 Master's Thesis by Frederick Henry Ruecking for the University of Texas, "The Coahuiltecan Indians of Southern Texas and Northeastern Mexico" provided the following map of the major tribal groups in northeastern Mexico during the Eighteenth Century. • Presidio 114 114 113 KESALE 115 PAYAYA 122 San Antonio 119 119 Eagle Pass mg 122 122 119 PAČAL KATUXANO Laredo AR OREJON 124 Corpus Christi 123 مع BO BOLE 113 Monclova NE LAGUNERO Torrean 115 116 Monterrey 65 Saltillo CARRIZO 25724 27 2019 10 17 Brownsville 45 26 WALSHWI KWAČIČIL 26 Matehuala 46 கதி 59 59 GZ 39 59 68 65 75 25 75 73 9476 74 77 Victoria Source: Frederick Henry Ruecking, "The Coahuiltecan Indians of Southern Texas and Northeastern Mexico" (August 1955: Master's Thesis: The University of Texas). 25 25#26THE TLAXCALAN SETTLEMENTS OF THE NORTH The Spanish-Tlaxcalan alliance began with the conquest of the Aztecs (1519-1521), but evolved into a “stable, institutionalized pact" in which "Tlaxcala became a state within the empire." Starting in 1591, the Tlaxcalans established numerous colonies on the northern frontier. The Tlaxcalan settlements in the north served as military outposts, sites for agricultural and infrastructural development, and centers for civilizing and Christianizing northern Indians. Serving as soldiers, colonists and emissaries of Christianity and civilization, the Tlaxcalans jealously guarded their autonomy and their residential segregation from other peoples. Sources: Sean F. McEnroe, "From Colony to Nationhood in Mexico" (2012); Sean F. McEnroe, "Spain's Tlaxcalan Vassals: Citizenship and State Formation on Mexico's Northern Frontier (2009: UC Berkeley Dissertation). Tlaxcalan and Mexica settlement in New Mexico Sombrerete La Laguna Nadadores 1693, 1733 Monclova 1675 S. Francisco de Coahuila Lampazos 1698 Candela 1698 S. Miguel de Aguayo (Bustamante) 1686 R. Grande del Norte 1687 S. Esteban S. Juan del Carrizal Monterrey Saltillo Alamo 1731 Parras 1598 Chalchihuites 1593 5. Andés 1592 Huejuquilla Mazapil Espíritu Santo Las Salinas Valparaiso Zacatecas Colotlán 1592 50 100 Pinos 1592 Mezquitic 1591 Guadalupe 1715 Concepcion 1715 Purificacion 1715 Hualahuises 1715 SIERRA Charcas Venado 1592 Agua Hedionda Bocas Tlaxcalilla 1592 San Luis Potosí Route of 1591 First colonies Secondary colonies Directions of the secondary dispersion Other cities and towns MADRE S. Antonio de los Llanos 1715 ORIE 250 300 km 100 150 175 miles R. Pánuco 26 26#27TLAXCALANS COLONIES OF THE NORTH Examples of Tlaxcalan Settlements in Northern Mexico Place State San Esteban de la Nueva Tlaxcala (near Saltillo) Santa Maria de las Parras Tizatlan Coahuila Coahuila Nuevo Leon Known Years of Settlement 1591, 1766 & 1777 1598 1646 & 1715 San Cristóbal de Los Hualahuises San Juan de Tlaxcala (near Cadereyta) San Antonio de los Llanos (near Hidalgo). San Miguel de Aguayo (Bustamante) San Francisco de la Nueva Tlaxcala (near Monclova) Nuestra Señora de La Punta de los Lampazos Nadadores La Purificación and La Concepción (in the Valle del Pilón, Montemorelos) Nuevo Leon Tamaulipas Nuevo Leon Coahuila Nuevo Leon Coahuila Nuevo Leon 1646 1663 1666 & 1686 1675, 1690 & 1766 1698 1693 & 1733 1715 Sources: Tomas Martínez Saldaña, “La Expansión Tlaxcalteca al Septenrión Colonial Novohispano" (2000); David Bergen Adams, The Tlaxcalan Colonies of Spanish Coahuila, Nuevo Leon" (1971); Eugene B. Sego, "Six Tlaxcalan Colonies on New Spain's Northern Frontier: A Comparison of Success and Failure" (Ph.D. Dissertation: Indiana University, 1990). COPYRIGHT © 2017 JOHN P. SCHMAL 27#28TLAXCALANS IN SALTILLO Tlaxcalans were proud of their autonomous communities and maintained their identity throughout the colonial period. Here, in the Tlaxcalan parish church, San Esteban del Saltillo de la Nueba Tlascala, in 1684, two "indios Tlascaltecos" from the barrio of Concepión baptized their son, Juan. The baptisms of San Esteban Protomártir go back to 1673, while marriages go back to 1713. The records for the main Saltillo church start in 1684 (baptisms) and 1703 (marriages). indio bluffal Othe co- frai. Lozen Trac Comit Iicient of I For Veinte inuck es Enero dehaus Ochento. Squatre, Praptive igure for Otics. Ichrismas, en este IIteria Parochial delos naturales de su Lireban del lat fillo de la nueto Has cala, a Juan hijo de frand martin ide Melchor Juana indies blascallers del bussis de la Consepcion fucson Sue Pudsinos Mathing sa chabes. I Ma Tamen a lot quales de centender & paundesto espiritual que abien Laden- Vido Con Suajado P. i Madre del diste, i'l Obligacion que erion de doctrinarte. Se Raphie als Ichodich Fle firme Son COPYRIGHT © 2017 JOHN P. SCHMAL 28#29NUEVO LEON Coahuila de Zaragoza Zacatecas Estados Unidos de América Tamaulipas Tamaulipas San Luis Potosi Nuevo Leon is the 13th largest state. Area: 64,156 square km. Percent of Mexico's Territory: 3.3% No. of Municipios: 51 2010 Population: 5.1 million inhabitants Percent of Mexican Population: 4.3% Capital: Monterrey In 2010, Monterrey had a population of 1,135,512, representing almost one-fifth (22.5%) of the state's total population. Nuevo Leon's municipios have good coverage in the FHL, with many civil registration records going back to the 1860s. Church records for 35 Nuevo Leon parishes are available, many of which go back to the 1700s. Los Bejarenos has 15 Coahuila publications (indexes, censuses, protocols), six of which are for Monterrey, where the Catholic Church records go back to 1667. 29 29 COPYRIGHT © 2017 JOHN P. SCHMAL#30TAMAULIPAS Nuevo León San Luis Potos Estados Unidos de América Golfo de México Tamaulipas Leon is the 6th largest state. Area: 80,249 square km. Percent of Mexico's Territory: 4.1% No. of Municipios: 43 2010 Population: 3.4 million inhabitants Percent of Mexican Population: 2.9% Capital: Ciudad Victoria In 2010, Ciudad Victoria had a population of 305,155, representing 8.9% of the state's total population. The FHL has civil records for nearly all of Tamaulipas' municipios, and most of those records go back to the 1870s and 1880s. The FHL has Catholic Church records for 28 Tamaulipas cities and towns, of which more than half reach back to the 1700s. Ciudad Victoria's church records go back to 1751, while Tampico's start in 1740 (with their baptisms from 1894 to 1934 indexed on microfilm by the FHL). COPYRIGHT © 2017 JOHN P. SCHMAL#31NUEVO SANTANDER Nuevo Santander was established by Jose de Escandon, who recruited successful farmers and ranchers in northern Mexico to move to land along the Rio Grande. The initial caravan was headed by Escandon and left Queretaro in December 1748; it was comprised of 750 soldiers and 2500 colonizers. Between 1747-1755, the Spanish created 23 towns and 15 missions straddled along the Rio Grande River. In all, 6,000 colonists took up residence in this region. By 1800, Nuevo Santander had one city, 25 villas, 3 mining districts, 17 haciendas, 437 ranchos and eight missions and consisted of about 30,000 people. - Many famous Tejano families - de la Guerra, de la Pena, Benavidez, Villarreal, Leal, Montemayor, Longoria, Trevino and Guerra - were part of the original settlements. Source: San Benito History, "Nuevo Santander." Online: http://www.sanbenitohistory.com/projects/Greatest_Colonizer/Map.html Monterrey Jarviln Dalores Presidio La Baltia Nueces River Revilla Falcon Lake Mier Rio Grande City Camargo Rio Granule River Reynosa Rendezvous Point 24 Feb. 1747 Santander Guternes (Cd. Victoria) Panuco River Tumpico 31#32FUNDADORES DE NUEVA SANTANDER Villas del Norte de First Census FHL Church FHL Church FHL Civil Tamaulipas Baptisms Marriages Registration Begin Begin Begins Aguayo (Ciudad October 3, 1750 1751 1752 1860 Victoria) Burgos July 5, 1750 1834 1750 1860 Camargo May 31, 1750 1796 1751 1800 Cruillas May 10, 1766 1767 1822 1872 Laredo (U.S.) July 23, 1757 1789 1791 N.A. Mier March 1, 1753 1767 1767 1860 Revilla (Guerrero) January 25, 1753 1751 1753 1874 Reynosa* June 16, 1750 N.A. N.A. 1860 San Fernando July 15, 1750 1812 1755 1874 Santander (Jimenez) Sept. 3, 1750 1749 1771 1769 Soto La Marina August 27, 1750 1831 1831 1791 * Sources: Guillermo Garamendia L., “Fundadores de Tamaulipas, 1748-1770" (1991: Monterrey); Family History Library: Tamaulipas Records. Reynosa was destroyed by a flood in Sept. 1800 and a new church was not built until 1810. Borderlandsbooks selis "Libro de Matrimonios de Reynosa, 1790-1811,” written by Mario J. Davila.#33NORTHEASTERN INDIANS In Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon and Coahuila, many Indians are referred to with the generic term "indio" or "india." Some are specifically called "indios de este pueblo” (or mission). But others may be referred to by a tribal group. In the June 1732 marriage record from Tula, Tamaulipas, a Yndio Chichimeco man is getting married to an Yndia Chichimeca woman from the "Nacion Pisona." Tula is in southwestern Tamaulipas next to SLP. In a few towns, one tribal group may be abundant in the records (i.e., Pames in Santander Jimenez, Tamaulipas). meg a Jo de Exreza En el and del 1r de setecientos y Preynta y dos día ocho, del s Indro, con Junio en esa Nga, Phassochial de S. S. Ante detuly, hapiendo pred y Basi fosse la tre amonestaciones que dispose of the decanto de Frente gran Bele concilio Indios Chichi sans solemnia; Care de este Indro chichimeco de so meg, Infave edece a Juan de Exer Freeblo quiz, con Rasia Rosa India chichineca de Nacion pistona Lex: de thomas de be cruz y de foming La Mision de S. Joseph de tanquanchin husa de Jade, chrithars fuesen Padrinos Pricolay Massin J. Phelipe de La cruz, Sabathan no by Paopala de la cour, this mascozo; de wite Pueblo y porg. mes y ano futa cout, y Ju. Ant. So di pood: comite firme enate did For. Ano de Lorve M Blanca 33#34ANCESTRY.COM: MEXICAN CIVIL RECORDS Ancestry.com now offers an impressive collection of Mexican civil registration for births, marriages and deaths from 1861 to the 1950s and 1960s. Name: Gender: Antonio Dávila Martínez Hombre (Male) Age: 25 Registration or Marriage Date: Registration or Marriage Place: Birth Year: abt 1895 17 abr. 1920 (17 Apr 1920) Saltillo, Coahuila (Coahuila de Zaragoza), México (Mexico) Spouse: Father: Maria Dolores Olivares Rafael Dávila Mother: Francisca Martinez The collection "Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas, Mexico, Selected Parish Records, 1751- 1880" includes marriage, baptism, and death records from nine Mexican parishes: Nuevo Leon Nuevo Leon Agualeguas Sabina Hidalgo Cadereyta Vallecillo Tamaulipas Camargo Guerrero Tamaulipas Matamoros Mier Cerralvo 34 COPYRIGHT © 2017 JOHN P. SCHMAL#35THE FAMILY HISTORY LIBRARY CATALOG FamilySearch Records Family Tree Genealogies Catalog Books FamilySearch Catalog Family Tree Search Memories Indexing Wiki Always check this catalog for the availability of records for your ancestral town or hacienda. If you do not find anything, search for the nearest-known town or the capital of the municipio your town is in (as noted on your Guia Roji map). https://familysearch.org/catalog-search You can search by the following criteria: Place Name (City, Municipio) Last Names (Surname) ➤ Titles (of books or microfilm) ➤ Authors ➤Subjects ➤ Keywords (you can combine Places and Surnames) 35 35#36SEARCHING INDIVIDUAL INDEXES Santa Cruz (Rosales), Chihuahua Catalog Entry Subjects Locality Subjects Mexico, Chihuahua, Rosales - Church records Mexico, Chihuahua, Saucillo - Church records The magnifying glass by three films below means those films can be searched individually. Location Family History Library Film Notes (This family history center has 8 of 8 films/fiche.) Note Location Collection/Shelf Film/DGS Format Bautismos 1767-1780, 1798-1811, 1816-1830, 1841-1863 Family History Library International B1 High Density 162577 90 Bautismos 1863-1877 Confirmaciones, 1873-1930 Bautismos 1888-1891 y 1881-1886 (fuera de orden), 1877-1880, 1891-1921 Bautismos 1921-1953 Family History Library International B1 High Density 162578 Items 1-3 90 Family History Library International B1 High Density 162578 Item 4 90 Granite Mountain Record Vault International Film Granite Mountain Record Vault International Film 162579 162580 0 36 COPYRIGHT © 2017 JOHN P. SCHMAL#37THE DRSW DATABASE: A VALUABLE RESOURCE The University of Arizona's "Documentary Relations of the Southwest" consists of a master index to several collections of Spanish colonial documents. It includes: THE BIOFILE: a biographical listing of nearly 20,000 persons living in the greater Southwest and northern "New Spain" in centuries past. Collections > Documentary Relations of the Southwest > Biofile Browse by name Browse by name Choose - 82 (1) " AB (45) AC (101) AD (4) AG (119) AH (6) Al (3) " " " AL (376) AM (55) AN (122) AP (51) AQ (4) AR (473) AS (22) AT (15) AU (5) AV (42) 37#38Name DRSW BIOFILE: SEARCHING FOR INDIVIDUALS Birth Death ZALDIVAR, FRANCISCO ANTONIO BERNARDINO ZALDIVAR, JOSEPH ZALDIVAR, JUAN DE ZALDIVAR, PEDRO N.D.: GUADALAJARA, SPAIN 1598 Dec: ACOMA/KILLED BY INDIANS ZALDIVAR, VICENTE ZALDIVAR, VICENTE DE ZAMBRANO ORTIZ, PEDRO ZAMBRANO, CIPRIANO ZAMBRANO, JOSE MARIA ZAMBRANO, JUAN JOSE ZAMBRANO, MANUEL N.D.: ZACATECAS 1586: CANARY ISLANDS 1757: PINOS (SIERRA DE) 1766: SAN FERNANDO N.D.: MEXICO CITY 1748: PINOS (SIERRA) ZAMBRANO, PATRICIO ZAMBRANO, PEDRO ZAMBRANO, PEDRO 1762: SAN FERNANDO 1596: VILLA DE RIBERA, EXTREMADURA-ESPANA 1818: N.P. 1652 Sep 28: SANTA CRUZ DE MAYO, SINALOA COPYRIGHT © 2017 JOHN P. SCHMAL 38 88#39DRSW BIOFILE: SURNAME GROUPINGS MOLINA, GASPAR DE 1723: BALAGUER, CATALONIA, SPAIN MOLINA, GUADALUPE N.D.: N.P. MOLINA, JOSE 1748: N.P. MOLINA, JOSE FRANCISCO JAVIER 1694: ANTEQUERA, ANDALUCIA - ESPANA 1741 Apr 21: SANTO TOMAS DE LOS TARAHUMARES MOLINA, JOSE JOAQUIN N.D.: LA CIENEGA (SAN PABLO) MOLINA, JOSEPH MOLINA, JOSEPH MOLINA, JOSEPH JOAQUIN 1732: N.P. N.D.: LA CIENEGA MOLINA, JOSEPHA DE N.D.: SAN BARTOLOME 1720 Jun 09: PARRAL 39#40DRSW: SAMPLE CITATION: MILITARY RECORDS PORTILLO, MIGUEL BID Number: 16100 Birth: 1771: CIENEGA DE LOS OLIVAS (CHIHUAHUA) Notes: TWENTY-THREE YEARS, TWO MONTHS AND SEVEN DAYS OF MILITARY SERVICE IN FIRST AND THIRD FLYING COMPANIES AND IN THE PRESIDIAL COMPANY OF SANTA FE. PARTICIPATED IN THREE CAMPAIGNS AND VARIOUS SALLIES RESULTING IN DEATHS OF TWENTY-NINE INDIANS OF BOTH SEXES AND RECOVERING ONE-HUNDRED- THIRTY MOUNTS. Occupation: 1812 Dec 31: SANTA FE (PRESIDIO)/DON, (SECOND) ALFEREZ 1788 Oct 24: N.P./SOLDADO 1797 Nov 10: N.P./RIFLEMAN (CARABINERO) 1798 Jun 01: N.P./CABO 1800 Jan 01: N.P./SARGENTO 1809 Jan 26: N.P./ALFEREZ Source: PRIMARY SOURCE Sources: AZU FILM 2182, SANM REEL 17, FR. 0339, 0647. COPYRIGHT © 2017 JOHN P. SCHMAL 40#41FINDING PASAJEROS A INDIAS The Index of the Lists of Passengers from Spain to the Americas (1509-1559). Each volume of the Catálogos has an index of pasajeros either at the end or the beginning of the book (or film). The years 1560 to 1599 have been published in book form and are available in some libraries. To access the Pasajeros, go to the Familysearch.org catalog: 1. Go to Spain 2. Go to this subtopic: Spain - Emigration and immigration (75), and go to the second entry. Direct Link: https://familysearch.org/search/catalog/349326?availability=Family%20History%20Library Vol. 1. (1509-1534) Family History Library International Film 277577 Item 1 Vol. 2. (1535-1538) Family History Library International Film 277577 Item 2 0 Vol. 3. (1539-1559). Family History Library International Film 277578 OTRA FILMACION. Vol. 1 (1509-1534) Family History Library International Film 1410933 Item 4 A Vol. 2. (1535-1539) Family History Library International Film 1410933 Item 5 01 Vol. 3. (1539-1559) Family History Library International Film 1410934 Item 1 (0 41#42FINDING THE ORIGINALS Also under Spain: Emigration and Immigration: Pasajeros a Indias: Libros de asientos - These are the originals of the passengers to the Americas. The online FHL films run from 1509 to 1701: https://familysearch.org/search/catalog/20763?availability=Family%20History%20Library Film Notes (This family history center has 22 of 22 films/fiche.) Note Legajo 5536, libros 1-4, años 1509-1542 Legajo 5536, libros 5 al fin, años 1536-1542 Location Collection/Shelf Film/DGS Format Granite Mountain Record Vault International Film 1223690 6 Granite Mountain Record Vault International Film 1223691 Legajo 5537, libros 1-2, años 1553-1562 Granite Mountain Record Vault International Film 1223692 Legajo 5537, libros 3 al fin, años 1553-1571 Granite Mountain Record Vault International Film 1223693 Family History Library International B1 High Density 1223694 Legajo 5538, libros 1-2, años 1576-1620 Legajo 5538, libros 3 al fin, años 1590-1591 Granite Mountain Record Vault Legajo 5539, libros 1-2, años 1607-1625 Legajo 5539, libros 3,5, años 1621-1675 Legajo 5540(A), libros 1-2, años 1661-1681 International Film 1223695 Ο Granite Mountain Record Vault International Film 1223696 Family History Library International B1 High Density 1223697 0 Granite Mountain Record Vault International Film 1223698 10 42#43FINDING PASAJEROS THROUGH THE PARES DATABASE PARES (Portal of Spanish Archives) In this portal you can find many kinds documents, including passengers to the Indies up to 1820. The website is at this link: http://pares.mcu.es/ Select the Simple Search option (Búsqueda Sencilla). A search example for "Terrazas" in the Pasajeros collection: Buscar pasajero a indias: terrazas Fecha: desde 1620 hasta 1640 Todos los registros Registros digitalizados Registros no digitalizados La búsqueda mostrará los 100 resultados más relevantes Limpiar formulario Buscar Ayuda 43#44PARES PASAJEROS RESULTS PAGE TÍTULO SIGNATURA FECHA CREACIÓN FECHA FORMACIÓN DIG. 1576-4-19 ANDRES DE TERRAZAS CONTRATACION,5225B,N.40 DIEGO DE TERRAZAS DELGADILLO CONTRATACION,5239, N.2,R.2 1592-1-27 JUAN DE TERRAZAS CONTRATACION,5276A,N.49 JUAN DE TERRAZAS MARIA DE TERRAZAS CONTRATACION,5331,N.49 1603-2-5 1613-6-27 CONTRATACION,5272, N. 1,R.75 1602-6-4 HERNANDO MARTIN LUCAS GOMEZ RONQUILLO CONTRATACION,5272,N. 1,R.76 1602-6-5 CONTRATACION,5242,N.1,R.26 1593-1-30 Sample Citation from the Above Results: Maria de Terrazas (June 4, 1602): Expediente de información y licencia de pasajero a indias de María de Terrazas, vecina de Talavera, hija de Pedro de la Barreda y María de Terrazas, viuda de Diego de Frías Roldán, con sus hijas Francisca de Frías y María de Terrazas, vecinas de Talavera, a Nueva España. Talavera is in Toledo, España. 44