#1Union Européenne XXXXX 7 ANNIVERSARY ANNIVERSAIRE Pacific Community Communauté du Pacifique Co-management of Reef Fisheries: Cook Islands Ben Ponia Koroa(Kori) Raumea INTEGRE#27 ANNIVERSARY ANNIVERSAIRE 1. Raui & Co-managed Areas in the Cook Islands Pacific Community Communauté du Pacifique Union Européenne 160° W Rakahanga Penrhyn 10° S Pukapuka Manihiki Nassau 15° S 20° S Suwarrow NORTHERN ISLANDS 250 600 meters AITUTAKI RAUI Palmerston Aitutaki Manuae You are her Arutange Wharf Takutea Mitiaro Atiu Mauke Mangaia SOUTHERN ISLANDS Rarotonga Maine Clam Nursery Ra'ul Maina Lang Beet Area 1 Onefoot and Octu Ba'ui Area 2 Matukitui Ralui RAUI ARONGA MANA MARINE PROTECTED AREAS TAKING OF ANY MARINE LIFE IS PROHBITED UNLESS YOU HAVE A VALID BONEFISHING PERMIT, THIS PERMIT ALLOWS YOU TO FISH ONLY IN OOTURALI AND ONEFOOT/MOTIKITIU RAUI CATCH AND REALSE ONLY KAORE E AKATIKA-IA TE TAUTAI I ROTO ITEIAAU RAUI, MARI RA ME-E PEAPAAKATIKA NGATAAU Bone Fish nursery and spawning area ■ NO NET FISHING AT ALL TIMES ⚫ NO FISHING AT ALL, THREE NIGHTS BEFORE AND THREE NIGHTS AFTER NEW MOON . YOU NEED TO HAVE A LICENSED BONEFISH GUIDE IN THESE TWO BONE FISH AREAS AT ALL TIMES. . YOU MUST BE WITH A BONEFISH LICENSED GUIDE ON YOUR FISHING TOURS IN THE LAGOON AT ALL TIMES ALL NON-COOK ISLANDERS WHO WISH TO FISH IN AITUTAKI AND MANUAE LAGOON IS REQUIRED TO HAVE A FISHING PERMIT ANY PERSON WHO CONTRAVENES THESE LAWS COMMITS AN OFFENCE AND SHALL BE LIABLE UPON CONVICTIOIN#3Union Européenne 1. cont' Managed Marine Sites 7 ANNIVERSARY ANNIVERSAIRE Pacific Community Communauté du Pacifique 1. Takutea - Marine Sanctuary 17015 180°W 160 W 150 2. Penrhyn & Manihiki – Paua export moratorium 3. Manihiki - Pearl shell reserve, Paua export Equator Pacific Ocean Tokelau 4. - Pukapuka – Traditional rau’i for land and sea (annual) 5. Mauke - Raui Samoa COOK ISLANDS 6. Mangaia -- Traditional rau’i for land and sea (annual) Fiji. Niue 7. Mitiaro - Itiki Raui – freshwater eels 2S Tonga Rarotongat Tahiti 8. Atiu - Raui 9. Aitutaki - Bonefish spawning sites, Paua export, Trochus Tropic of Capricorn International Date Line XXXXX 1708 New Zealand Jasoni + INTEGRE#4Union Européenne XXXXX Date Initiated February 1998 2.0 Timeline 7 ANNIVERSARY ANNIVERSAIRE Pacific Community Communauté du Pacifique Sites Aroko Raui Tikioki Raui Matavera/Pouara Raui Aroa Raui Vaimaanga Raui Edgewater Raui Period Two Years Raui Motukore Ban on trochus harvest Hotel Site Raui Motukore Ban on trochus harvest Raui Motukore Hotel site Nikao Raui Feb 2002 Tikioki Raui Ruaau Raui Aroa Raui Total of 15 sites Feb 2005 Tikioki Raui Ruaau Raui Five Sites Feb 2016 Aroko Raui Tikioki Raui 朵 INTEGRE#5Union Européenne 2.1. Ra'ui 7 ANNIVERSARY ANNIVERSAIRE Pacific Community Communauté du Pacifique What is Ra'ui? • Traditional system access to - particular resource or area forbidden Adopted as measure to allow harvested resources to rejuvenate Restricts taking of marine resources (fish and reef species) No legal enforcement, just community pressure Who decide to place a Ra'ui? Traditional leaders, Ui Mataiapo, Ui Rangatira Role of Ministry of Marine Resources (MMR) Monitoring of the Raui Raising awareness Support the Ra'ui system. Black Rock Social Centre Sea Wall XXXXX 000 DO INTEGRE#6Name: Nikao Total Area:25 hectares Dates: Implemented: end of 200 - 6-8 months Lift Period(s): Feb 2000, May 2000 (Trochus only), April 2002 to present Survey/Reports Baseline 1998, Nov 1998, May 2000, April 2002,Oct 2004,Oct 2005 Current Status: Open Name: Aroa Total Area: 15.7 hectares Dates: Implemented: May 2000 Lift Period(s): Matu Rori & Trochus harvest 2001 for 2wks. Trochus for 3mths in 2003 (Jun, Jul, Aug) from Rutaki to Black Rock Survey/Reports: Baseline May 2000; October 2001; April 2002; October 2004; October 2005 Current Status: Closed Name: Parliament Total Area: 13 hectares Dates: Implemented end of 200 - 6-8 months Lift Period(s): end of 2000 or 2001 Survey/Reports: Current Status: Open Ra'ui Rarotonga 1998 to 20% Trochus Ralui Closed Closure Considered 1. Pou'ara Location: Matavera Total Area: 5 hectares Implemented: Feb. 1998 Lift Periods: one day Feb. 2000, (% of ra'ui opened closed next day 3rd Feb), October 2002 Survey/Reports: Baseline Feb. 1998 Nov 1998, May 2000, April 2002, Oct 2004,Oct 2005 Current Status: Closed 2.. Aroko Location: Ngatangiia Total Area:47 hectares Implemented: Feb. 1998 Lift Periods: one day Feb. 200 February and replaced on 2nd March Survey/Reports: Baseline Feb Nov 1998, May 2000, April 20 2004,Oct 2005 Current Status: Closed Name: Betela Total Area: Dates: Implemented: 1998-1999 Lift Period(s): 6-12mths one off Survey/Reports Current Status: Open Name: Kavera Total Area: Dates: Implemented: 1998-1999 Lift Period(s): 6-8mths one off Survey/Reports Current Status: Open 8. Rutaki School Total Area: Implemented: end of 2000, 6-8 months Lift Period(s): end of 2000 or 2001 Survey/Reports: Current Status: Open Name: Ruaau Trochus Total Area:approx 75 hectares Dates: Implemented: Mar 2000 Lift Period(s): Trochus harvest sometimes in 2000 Survey/Reports: Current Status: Open Name: Rutaki PassageTotal Area: Dates: Implemented: June-Dec. 1998 Lift Period(s): end of 2000 Survey/Reports: none Current Status: Open Name: Avaavaroa Total Area: Dates: Implemented: Lift Period(s): Survey/Reports: Current Status: 3. Tikioki Total Area:15 hectares Implemented: Feb. 1998 Lift Periods: one day Feb Survey/Reports:Baseline Nov 1998, May 2000, A 2002,Oct 2004,Oct 2005 Current Status: Closed 4. Akapuao Total Area: Implemented: March 2000 Lift Periods: none Survey/Reports: none Current Status: Closed, opens soon Name: Vaimaanga Total Area: Dates: Implemented: 2001 for 8 months Lift Period(s): end of 2001 Survey/Reports: none Current Status: Open#7Union Européenne - - 7 3. Partners & Collaborators Aronga Mana - House of Ariki & Koutu Nui. Government Agencies Ministry of Marine Resources & Tourism Fishers - Fishing Associations Regional Agencies, SPC, SPREP Island Government Lagoon Operators Fishing Community Hotel Operators ANNIVERSARY ANNIVERSAIRE Pacific Community Communauté du Pacifique RAUI Patianga-Auraka e rave i tetai ualu Kai Moana i te ngai tei Raul la MARINE PROTECTED AREA The taking of Marine Life in the Area between the markers is Prohibited#8Union Européenne 4. Issues & Threats 7 ANNIVERSARY ANNIVERSAIRE Pacific Community Communauté du Pacifique 1. Each ra'ui area -managed separately, depending on the traditional leaders and the community in each ra'ui area. 2. Poaching does occur now the momentum of the ra'ui has waned. Policing is done by the traditional leaders or for some ra'uis they have selected wardens. 3. Some want the ra'ui legislated but the Koutu Nui don't, they want it to remain under their traditional jurisdiction. 4. A lot of MPA issues not covered under the Marine Resources Act 5. There is some overlap of the Marine and Environment Act which are under review 6. Each island come up with their own management plan (by-laws) 1. Specific to each island situation and culture/customs 2. Mostly happening on Rarotonga and Aitutaki 3. Lost of respect for the Raui, means lost of Mana 1. Climate Change – increase water temperatures etc 2. Land base activities - high level of nutrients loadings 3. Ciguatera ПРРО#9Union Européenne Positive: 5. Outcomes & Results Increase in population of various resources within the ra'ui ❖ Spillage to outside the ra'ui ✰ Community co-operation Revival of traditional management systems Revival of Traditional authority with regards to community ✰ No legal policies needed since most of the community comply (outer islands). Outer Islands-can have by-laws or resolutions to support their ra'ui R2R and NBSAP are working towards a cooperative approach to RA'UI and other managed fisheries. Negative: 7 ANNIVERSARY ANNIVERSAIRE ✰ Poaching by a select few. 贊助 FISHERIES OFFICER Pacific Community Communauté du Pacifique Limited areas for fishing and swimming Can't access seasonal species in some ra'ui areas No legal backup for the Koutu Nui /House of Ariki to fall back on especially for repeat offenders. If and when ra'ui do open community have a tendency to overharvest No harvest, open or close strategy for each ra'ui Awareness program need to be continuous to promote the ra'ui XXXXX + INTEGRE#10Union Européenne • • • • • 6. How could it be done better? 7 ANNIVERSARY ANNIVERSAIRE Pacific Community Communauté du Pacifique For compliance and enforcement, a binding mechanism should be adopted and approved. Shared responsibilities must be agreed, with the adoption of a Management Plan. Science compliment the Monitoring and progression of any co-management of reef fisheries. Funding availability is also key to successful implementation of any co- management of any marine resources project. Political will at all levels of the community structure, ie House of Ariki, Aronga Mana, Fishing Community Regional partnerships and networking can enhance success of Raui system. Local knowledge is also key component of Raui Current project such as R2R to assist XXXXX + INTEGRE#11Union Européenne 7 ANNIVERSARY ANNIVERSAIRE Special Topic 1: 7. Challenges in re-engaging traditional management and governance in a modern context Pacific Community Communauté du Pacifique • Definition of Raui Raui is regarded as a traditional resource management tool. Its is put in place for an agreed period by the community leaders Identifications of areas covers both land (terrestrial) and marine. XXXXX ● Modern Context It's a binding process. Existing MMR Act allows for the establishment of any co- management of any marine resources, ie. Aitutaki Bonefish Fishery. Its allows for full compliance and enforcement and can allow to empower wardens other than fisheries officers and Policemen. # INTEGRE#12Union Européenne 7 ANNIVERSARY ANNIVERSAIRE Pacific Community Communauté du Pacifique 7.1 Challenges in re-engaging traditional management and governance in a modern context (Cont') Challenges - Raui Context • Loss of Mana/respect for traditional leaders may mean lacking buy-in or opposition! Several communities often have individual preferences, have their own ways of doing things. Challenges - Modern Context • • Initial communications - consultation purposes. The process requirement is lengthy Must take into consideration that one system do not fit all! Ownership issue Training Needs required XXXXX + INTEGRE#13Union Européenne 7 ANNIVERSARY ANNIVERSAIRE Pacific Community Communauté du Pacifique Special Topic 2.8.0 Aitutaki Trochus Fishery Introduced species to the Cook Islands from Fiji. Stocked in Aitutaki in 1957. Then transferred to all islands in the Cook Island in the 1980's. ● WHY? Economically viable opportunity ● Trochus graze on coral and rocks for small plants. ● ● XXXXX Separate sexes and reach reproductive maturity after two years. Trochus is harvested locally for its flesh and for its shell. + INTEGRE#14Union Européenne 8.1 Aitutaki Yield (mt) Estimated Value $NZ per 7 ANNIVERSARY ANNIVERSAIRE Pacific Community Communauté du Pacifique Island Year Aitutaki 1981 =200 850 Amuri Fisheries Aitutaki 1983 35.7 1,250 Aitutaki 1984 45.7 1,450 Aitutaki 1985 27 1,800 Aitutaki 1987 45.1 2,000 Aitutaki 1988 18 3,000 Rapae Palmerston 1988 1.5 Aitutaki 1990 26.2 7,000 Aitutaki 1992 28 6,350 Aitutaki 1995 34 6,000 Aitutaki 1997 18.4 6,250 Atuatane Aitutaki 1998 34 6,500 Aitutaki 1999 18 8,250 Wreck Takitumu 2001 8.3 4,537 Nikao 2001 8.8 5,440 Maina Puaikura 2001 7.4 5,400 Aitutaki 2001 37 8,500 Takitumu 2002 16 Longreef-Maina Longreef-Rapota Takitumu 2003 9.5 Assessment Nikao 2005 6.4 Assessment Manihiki 2005 3.8 Assessment Rapota-Moturakau Aitutaki 2007 25 Assessment Aitutaki 2008 31 Assessment Penrhyn 2008 0.1 Assessment Rarotonga 2008 14 Assessment Aitutaki 2010 21 Assessment Rarotonga 2011 8 Assessment Figure 1: Aitutaki I map showing the 12 permanent survey sites. Aitutaki 2011 18 440 4- XXXXX Airport-Akitua Ee # Akaiami One Foot INTEGRE#15Union Européenne . XXXXX 7 Pacific Community ANNIVERSARY ANNIVERSAIRE Communauté du Pacifique 8.2 Management Regime Trochus Fishery is managed by the Island Council Conduct of the fishery and the distribution of financial benefits Harvesting Regime: - - - - TAC is calculated by MMR Harvest level set to maintain the stock at a sustainable level of long-term production (30% of the harvestable sizes 80-110 mm) Harvest period for 1-2 weeks for every 2 years TAC divided by the no. of households on the island - now, its slightly change to individual quota. This quota can either be caught by that family/individual during the harvest period, or in the case of those who are unable to do their own fishing, transferred to another family/individual. Island Council supervises the collection, shipping and sale of shells and distributes the resulting cash according to the allocated quota. This "community transferable quota" system is currently unique in the world. - Size limits is 80-110 mm shell diameter - In addition no harvesting allowed at any time from the trochus reserve area. INTEGRE#16Union Européenne Appendix 2 Trochus Grading's Trochus - Market products 7 ANNIVERSARY ANNIVERSAIRE Pacific Community Communauté du Pacifique A grade: A very few blemishes at the very top B grade: A few blemishes down to the third row on the 'yoko' C grade: A few blemishes right down the "yoko' but "ten" or underneath is clean XXXXX 3 *One local family with cleaned trochus ready for grading, Aitutaki, Dec 2011 INTEGRE#17Union Européenne XXXXX 7 ANNIVERSARY ANNIVERSAIRE Pacific Community Communauté du Pacifique 9.0 Paua harvest in Manihiki and Penrhyn Export of Paua is controlled by the island Council - Penrhyn have bylaw which restrict the export of Paua. - Manihiki requires Island Council resolution for formal approval. It requires permit from the Island Councils Harvesting Regime: - Requires MMR to do a Paua assessments - - - Adopts the 30% harvest quota of harvestable size Harvest period for 1-2 day only TAC divided by the no. of households on the island Island Council & MMR supervises harvest quota (usually 20litre buckets), Size limits -large animals (110-150 mm) In addition harvesting only at site specified by the Council. Rotational harvest. Two checks, on the island and also when it reach Rarotonga, either boat or plane. Harvesting is usually between every two years or else subject to decision by island Council. 朵 INTEGRE#18Union Européenne NAMES 7 ANNIVERSARY ANNIVERSAIRE 9.1 Paua harvest in Manihiki and Penrhy Pacific Community Communauté du Pacifique QUANTITY Actual WEIGHT Shipped Weight Manihiki Paua Harvest with Approval by the Island Council October 2014 Mr A 1 bag 21 kg 21 Mr B 1 bag 20 kg 21 Mr C 1 bag 20 kg 21 Mr D 1 bag 20 kg 21 Mr E 1 bag 19 kg 21 Mr F 1 bag 18.5 kg 21 Mr G 1 bag 19 kg 21 Mr H 1 bag 20.5 kg 21 Mr I 1 bag 20 kg 21 Mr J 1 bag 20 kg 21 Mr K 1 bag 21 kg 21 Mr L 1 bag 19.5 kg 21 Mr M 1 bag 20.5 kg 21 Mr N 1 bag 22.5 kg 23 Total weight 281.5 kg Total ziplock bags 296 0.951g/ziploc XXXXX k bag ÏNTEGRE#19Union Européenne XXXXX 7 ANNIVERSARY ANNIVERSAIRE MEITAKI MAATA KIA ORANA Pacific Community Communauté du Pacifique E KIA MANUIA INTEGRE