#1National Space Research and Development Agency Assessment of Environmental Sensitivity to Desertification in Katsina State, Nigeria By: James Godstime National Space Research & Development Agency (NASRDA), Airport Road, Abuja, Nigeria United Nations International Conference on Space-based Technologies for Disaster Risk Reduction - "Building Resilience through Integrated Applications" 23-25 October 2017, Beijing, China 24th of October 2017#2National Space Research and Development Agency PRESENTATION OUTLINE *Introduction. *Study Area. Method. *Results. *Analysis of Results Conclusion.#3Introduction National Space Research and Development Agency Target 15.3 of the SDGs states as follows: "By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world". If this is achieve, then the risks associated with land degradation disasters will be greatly reduced. ➤ Land degradation and Desertification (LDD) are critical issues facing most states in northern Nigeria, with severe consequences for national food security. Desertification phenomenon has been reported in northern Nigeria since the 1920s. The impact was more pronounce during the famine of 1971 to 1973.#4Introduction National Space Research and Development Agency Why is the problem of desertification significant? It is significant because it has affected the socio-economic wellbeing of Nigerians, particularly in the north: 1. It has caused the displacement of numerous farming and nomadic population. 2. Herdsmen constantly seek for new grazing fields due to the desert encroachment and has resulted in the migration of herdsmen to the southern parts of the country for grazing. 3. This migration is responsible for the deadly clashes between the cattle herdsmen and farmers. 4. The unemployment created by desertification is also partly responsible for the Boko Haram insurgency in the country.#5Introduction National Space Research and Development Agency 5. The agro-economy of Nigeria is dependent on rainfall and hence affected by fluctuating weather. In an effort to tackle the challenge of desertification, Nigeria signed the convention of the United Nations to Combat Desertification on 30 October 1994. ➤ This study focuses on the assessment of environmental sensitivity to desertification in Katsina state. The outcome will assist policy makers in the type of policy. prescription that will be deployed to achieve land degradation neutrality.#6Study Area 12°0'0"N 7°0'0"E 13°0'0"N Sokoto Zamfara 7°0'0"E 8°0'0"E Niger Rep Katsina Kaduna o 30 60 50 8°0'0"E National Space Research and Development Agency Kano 90 120 Km 9°0'0"E Jigawa 12°0'0"N 9°0'0"E 13°0'0"N Katsina Nigeria#7Method National Space Research and Development Agency The MEDALUS (Mediterranean Desertification And Land Use) approach was developed by the European Commission and aims at assessing environmental sensitivity to desertification. The areas sensitive to desertification are identified by the combination of 5 quality indicators: Soil Quality Index (SQI), Climate Quality Index (CQI), Vegetation Quality Index (VQI), Water Quality Index (WQI), and Land Management Index (LMI).#8Method ESDI = (SQI * CQI * VQI * WQI*MQI) ¹\5 ESDI# = (SQI * CQI * VQI) 1\3 National Space Research and Development Agency Where: ESDI: Environmental Sensitivity to Desertification Index SQI: Soil Quality Index CQI: Climate Quality Index VQI: Vegetation Quality Index WQI: Water Quality Index MQI: Management Quality Index SQI = (Soil Texture * Soil Depth * Slope) 1/3 CQI = (Total annual precipitation * aridity index * slope) 1/3 VQI = = [fire risk* erosion protection * drought resistance * vegetation cover] 1/4#9Method National Space Research and Development Agency Datasets: Freely Available Data Format Soil grid data Raster Standard soil depth 150m Raster DEM 30m ASTER Precipitation 2.5 dataset degrees Annual Mean Degree Temperature celsius Landsat 8 satellite image Source The International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC) (www.isric.org/content/african- soilgrids-t250m-geotiffs) The International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC) (www.isric.org/content/african- soilgrids-t250m-geotiffs) Earth Explorer website (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov) version-2 global precipitation climatology project (GPCP) Giovanni NASA (http://giovanni.gsfc.nasa.gov/giovanni/) Earth Explorer (http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/)#10Results 11°30'0"N 12°0'0"N 12°30'0"N 13°0'0"N Dumbessa Dogon Dawa 7°0'0"E National Space Research and Development Agency KATSINA STATE SOIL QUALITY INDEX 7°30'0"E 8°0'0"E 8°30'0"E 9°0'0"E Dutsin Ma Katsina Mashi Baure Bindawa 7°0'0"E 7°30'0"E 0 15 30 8°0'0"E 60 km 8°30'0"E 9°0'0"E 11°30′0″N 12°0′0″N 12°30'0"N 13°0′0″N Legend . Towns kat_SQI High quality Moderate quality Low quality Water N Soil Quality Index#11Results 11°20'0"N 12°0'0"N 12°40'0"N 13°20'0"N 6°40'0"E National Space Research and Development Agency CLIMATIC QUALITY INDEX OF KATSINA STATE 2015 7°20'0"E 8°0'0"E 8°40'0"E agami 6°40'0"E 7°20'0"E Batsari Funtua Danja 0 25 50 Dogon Dawa Dumbessa. Daura Katsina Mashi Dutsin Ma 'Musawa 8°0'0"E Bindawa 8°40'0"E 100 150 KM Baure 11°20'0"N 12°0'0"N 12°40'0"N 13°20'0"N Legend ° TOWNS CLIMATIC QUALITY VALUE VERY HIGH QUALITY HIGH QUALITY MODERATE QUALITY LOW QUALITY VERY LOW QUALITY N Climatic Quality Index#12Results 12°0'0"N 7°0'0"E 13°0'0"N 7°0'0"E 8°0'0"E Kajta Mashi Mai'Adua National Space Research and Development Agency Jibia Katsina Batagarawa Mani Daura Dutsi Sandamu Zango Rimi Batsari Baure Bindawa Kurfi Charanchi Ingawa Safana Dutsin Ma Kankia Kusada Matazu Dan Musa Musawa Kankara Matumfashi Faskati Kafur Bakon Funtua Dandumd Sabuwa Danja 8°0'0"E KM 0 12.5 25 50 75 100 9°0'0"E LEGEND Katsina_LGA HIGH MODERATE LOW VERY LOW N.0.0.21 9°0'0"E 13°0'0"N Vegetation Quality Index#1311°30'0'N 12°0'0"N 12°30'0"N 13.00* 13°30'0"N Results 11°0'0" 7°0'0"E DESERTIFICATION SENSITIVITY INDEX OF KATSINA STATE 7°30'0"E 8°0'0"E 8°30′0″E Kaita Mashi Mar'Adua Jibia Katsina Batagarawa Man Daura Dutal gandamu Zango Rim Betsan Bindawa Kurfi Charanchi ingawa Safana Kusada Dutsin Ma Kankia Matazu Dan Musa Musawa Kankara Malumfashi Faskari Kafur Bakori Puntura Dandume Danja Sabuwa 7°0'0"E 7°30'0"E 8°0'0"E 8°30′0″E Legend DESERTIFICATION INDEX KATSINA LGS NON SENSITIVE AREA MODERATE SENSITIVE AREA 0 25 100 Kms VERY SENSITIVE AREA 9°0'0"E N A אייסיסי11 11°30'0″N Baure 12°0'0"N 9°0'0"E National Space Research and Development Agency Desertification Sensitivity Index 12°30'0"N 13°0'0"N 13°300*N Very Sensitive Area ➤ Moderately Sensitive Area Non Sensitive Area#14Analysis of Results National Space Research and Development Agency Desertification Sensitivity Index-Very Sensitive Area ➤ The very sensitive area is prevalent in the Northern part of the State-with highest risk of desert conditions. This area covers 917,873 hectares, i.e. over 38% of the total land area of Katsina State. ➤ This area falls within the Sahel zone and soil is generally sandy and of low fertility. The area has patches of brush, grasses, and stunted trees. About 3.5 Million people are at risk of desertification.#15Analysis of Results National Space Research and Development Agency Desertification Sensitivity Index- Moderate Sensitivity This is the transition zone and thus have mixture of the characteristics of both the very sensitive and non-sensitive areas. Mixed cropping is practiced in this area. It covers an area of 814,291.57 hectares, that is, about 34% of the total land area of Katsina State#16Analysis of Results National Space Research and Development Agency Desertification Sensitivity Index-Non-Sensitivity The Southern part of the state is the least affected by desertification conditions, and is referred to as the non- sensitive area. ➤ The non-sensitive area covers an area of 663,628.05 hectares, i.e. about 28% of the total land area of Katsina State. Sugarcane, rice and yam are mostly planted in this area. ➤ The area is more vegetated compared with the other parts of the state. The non-sensitive area has the smallest land mass. This means that about 72% of the total land area of Katsina State is under the threat of desertification.#17Conclusion National Space Research and Development Agency The Environmental Sensitivity to Desertification is a rapid method of assessing the vulnerability of an areas to desert conditions. The variation in the sensitive areas to desertification within the state as shown in the ESDI is as a result of the following factors: ➤ Agro-ecological zones, The interaction and interplay of climate, Soil types, and Vegetation. Based on the findings of this study, policy prescription can be deployed appropriately, depending on the degree of sensitivity to desert conditions. Today, the same policy prescription is generally deployed to address the challenge of desertification in Katsina State.#18National Space Research and Development Agency Thank You 18#19Method National Space Research and Development Agency Soil Texture Field Work Soil Data Soil Quality Index (SQI) Soil Depth DEM Slope Aridity Climatic Data Rainfall Climatic Quality Index (CQI) Desertification Sensitivity Index (DSI) Temperature Landuse Landcover Erosion Protection Fire Risk Drought Resistance Plant cover (NDVI) Vegetation Quality Index (VQI)