#1FIG FIG WORKING WEEK 2017 resented at the FIG Working Week 2017, las 29-June 2, 2017 in Helsinki, Finland Helsinki Finland DAS NATION OF TANGGAMUS GEOTHERMAL PROSPECT 29 May - 2 June 2017 AREA, LAMPUNG PROVINCE, SOUTH SUMATERA BASED ON REMOTE SENSING AND 3D MICROMINE SOFTWARE Dewi GENTANA, Emi SUKIYAH, Lobo BALIA2, Nana SULAKSANA, Euis T. YUNINGSIH Geology Engineering Faculty, Padjadjaran University, 2Micromine Indonesia. Prepared by: Organised by FIG Surveying the world of tomorrow - Frem digitalisation to augmented reality Platinum Sponsors: esri Trimble.#2FIG WORKING WEEK 2017 29 may-2 June Helsinki Finland • Indonesia geologically positioned in convergent zone between Indian Oceanic Plate and Eurasian Continental INTRODUCTION Active Volcanoes, Plate Tectonics, and the "Ring of Fire" Plate. This convergent zone is seismically Eurasian Plate active with many actives volcanoes. Around 13 % of global actives volcanoes located in Indonesia as part of "Ring of Fire" The development of geological structures that occur in the study area is closely related to the development of tectonic Sumatra Island. . The area of the research area is Tanggamus in the Southern end of Sumatera Island cut by Semangko fault where the geothermal provenances with sufficient heat flow to power electricity generator was observed in the fault zone Eurasian F North American Plate Neution Trench CASCADE RANGE Ring of Fire -San Andreas Fault Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Arabian Plat Hawaian Hot Spot Cocos Plate East Pacific Nazca Rise Plate South American Plate African Pl Indo-Australian Plate Pacific Plate Java Trench Indonesia USGS Antarctic Plate#3FIG WORKING WEEK 2017 29 may-2 June Helsinki Finland 4 10 9 8 GEOTHERMAL INSTALLED CAPACITY (MW) WORLDWIDE 15 6 13 14 3 16 11 7 2 12 5O • Total worldwide geothermal installed capacity in year 2015 are 12,635 MWe which equals to 73,549 GWh electricity. • Indonesia has a geothermal . potential around 27 GW. Now in Indonesia has Installed capacity ±1,513.5 MWe which equals to 7% utilized of total identified geothermal potential. NO No Country MWe No Country MWe 1 USA 3,450 9 Costa Rica 207 2 Philippines 1,870 10 El Salvador 205 3 Indonesia 1,350** 11 Russia 82 Papua N. 4 Mexico 1,017 12 50 Guinea 5 NZ 1,005 13 Germany 6 Italy 916 14 7 Japan 519 8 Iceland 665 156 Portugal 29 France Australia 226- 27 16 Source: Bertani R, 2015#4FIG WORKING WEEK 2017 29 may-2 June Helsinki Finland BASIC CONCEPT OF GEOTHERMAL Power Plant 4 Rain Fumarole Hot Spring Production Well Injection Well 3 1.Heat source 2.Reservoir 3.Steam (from production well) 4.Power Plant (Turbine and Generator) 2 Reservoir 1 MAGMA CAP STEAN HOT WATER HEAT SOURCE Source: Modified by Pertamina Geothermal Energy, 2013, unpublished#5FIG WORKING WEEK 2017 29 may-2 June Helsinki Finland 50.00 130000 Semangko Fault Semangka Faul Tanggamus Area Appx 120 km Approx. 120 Km Interpretation line of subduction zone based on earthquake hypocenter points Mag 40x +03 0.0% 10 1010 20 2.0 to 3.0 3.04.0 400 50 50 60 6.0 70 7.010 &0 8.0 9.0 5 100000 Location of study area (Southern part of Sumatera Island) AREA OF STUDY ■ The development of structures that occur in the Tanggamus is closely related to the development of tectonic Sumatera Island. • Tanggamus area is located ± 18 Km to the North East of Semangko Fault. ■ The earthquake hypocenter points are plotted to define the subduction zone. The measurement result shows that the subduction zone is located approximately 120 Km from the surface.#6FIG WORKING WEEK 2017 29 may-2 June Helsinki Finland Objective, Purpose and Methodology • The study area is a geothermal prospect area that has a depression landscape with a very complex geological structure and has a geothermal manifestation on the surface • Determined relationship between geological structure with the presence, distribution of surface geothermal manifestation and to delineate the large of the geothermal prospect area Two methods are applied . Studio: analysing topographic and satellite imagery maps, micromine software applications and calculating Land Survey Temperature (LST) is to determine the extent of heat in depth including its spreading. Observation to the field: to verify studio data with the actual field conditions related to the geological structure development and the appearances of surface geothermal manifestations.#7FIG WORKING WEEK 2017 29 may-2 June DISCUSSION & Result Helsinki Finland BUKIT RINDINGAN Tomb 1068 PEMATANG HOTUPAN GUNUNG RENDINGAN 1236 Tomb PEMATANG SULH 1441 Umbulan Muaradua, Ohw GHARABERAK NARAHAN Ulobetu DATAHAJAN 704 GUNUNG KABAWOK GUNUNG KUKUSAN LEGEND Oh Qu On TANGKIT KURUPAN QT 623 Tm GUN Obv QT GUNUNG WAIRA TANGKIT KABAWOK GUNUNG TANGGAMUS Banding Sangg Penahsqungan WONOSOBO Bandameger Pulau Pekonbalak Be Pajajaran Padasuka Jambu Teratas Tulungguring Walkerah Pekondoh, Pasarmadang Tu GEOLOGICAL SETTING Qa-Alluvium: Boulder, cobble, pebble, sands, silt, caly and mud ahy (t,r,s,k.p.u.b.h)-Young quartenary volcanics Andesitic to basaltic brecoas, lavas and tuff:source G. Tanggamus (Ohvt) G.Rindingan (Ohvs) G.Sekincau(Chvs), G.T.Tebak(Qhvk) TBegelung (Chvb), Pesawaran Chup). Pematang hanu (Qhvu), and B Panatch Qhvh) QTse-Serung Formation: Conglomeratic sandstone, sandstone and claystone Tmigr, gd, di, dal-Intrusive Rock: Grante (g) granodiorite (gd), diorite(di) dacite(de) Tmoh-Hulu Simpang Formation: Volcanic breccias, andesitic to basaltic lavas and tuffs, hydrotermally allered with sulphide mineral-bearing quartz vers Andesitic Lava (Qtry) Banjara Conglomeratic deposited (QTse) •The stratigraphy of this study composed by Tertiary volcanic deposit The oldest rock derived from G.Sula volcanic activity that consisted of andesitic lava and pumice (Tomh) ⚫Quarter products are pyroclastic and andesitic lava that derived from G.Kukusan volcanism (Qtse) PEMATA GUNUNG GISTIN Dacitik Lav a(Tmgr)) . Tanjungja Negenratu KOTAAGUNG Banjarmanis Meriggala Volcanic deposited (Tmoh) 4000 Source Geological map of Kota Agung (Amin, 1993) Latest product are rhyolitic lava and andesitic tuff as volcanic product from G.Korupan. G. Rindingan and G.Tanggamus (Qtry). The dacitic tuff formed afterward and alluvium Recent are located on the bottom of this area (Qal).#8FIG WORKING WEEK 2017 DISCUSSION (cont.) GEOTHERMAL SURFACE MANIFESTATIONS 29 may-2 June Helsinki Finland Manifestation Hot Spring Mudpool Fumarol 40x Steaming Ground Alteration Zone • Surface geothermal manifestations were found such as of mud pools, steaming ground, hot springs and alteration rocks, fumaroles scattered in the middle of the study area. • The emergence and distribution of geothermal manifestations are found in variation regions that have steep slopes up to flat areas, its likely passed by the NE-SW and W-E faults. Dewi Gentana, May 2017#9FIG WORKING WEEK 2017 29 may-2 June Cont.. Helsinki Finland • Lineament interpretation based on 3D digital terrain model generated from morphology of RBI topographic contour map which is azimuth and dip of every single triangle is calculated to provide numeric values that can be colorized. • The orange colour represent triangle that have azimuth N 270° E up to N310°E, it mean that orange colour area mostly have E-W and NW-SE lineament's. • The circular subsidence structure can be observed on Western and Southern part. • The NW-SE and NE-SW faults inside the semi circular depression are clearly control the distributions of the geothermal surfaces manifestation encountered at Pagar Alam, Muara Dua and Karang Rejo. LINEAMENT INTREPREATIONS Direction +00 0.045 45.0 50.0 900 1350 13501000 10002250 22502700 27003150 3150 300 > Fault Crater 5000 10000 Lineament (hills/valleys) Caldera Rim Depression Dewi Gentana, May 2017 40% Depression#10FIG WORKING WEEK 2017 29 may-2 June Helsinki Finland Cont.. By plotting of alignment map with distribution of geothermal surface manifestation indicates that the lineaments contributes to the development of geological structure that form the permeability zone in the rock which causes the hot fluid beneath the surface comes to the surface with its presence by hot springs, steam heated water, mud pool and altered rock. LINEAMENT INTREPREATIONS cont. Direction <0.0 0.0 to 45.0 45.0 to 900 90.0 to 135.0 135.0 to 180.0 180.0 to 225.0 225.0 to 270.0 270.0 to 315.0 315.0 to 360.0 >=360.0 Manifestation 40x 40X Hot Spring Steaming ground, fumarole, sulfate and altered rock (kaolinite) at Pagar Alam Location Dewi Gentana, May 2017 Mudpool Fumarol Steaming Ground Alteration Zone Fast Crater Depression Scrap breccia of Rindingan volcanic product at Pagar Alam location indicates that this area as a fault line area#110 FIG WORKING WEEK 2017 29 may-2 June Helsinki Finland Cont.. LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE (LST) Temp (Celcius) <20.0 4□X 5000 10000 20.0 to 22.5 22.5 to 25.0 25.0 to 27.5 27.5 to 30.0 30.0 to 32.5 32.5 to 35.0 35.0 to 37.5 37.5 to 40.0 40.0 to 42.5 42.5 to 45.0 45.0 to 47.5 47.5 to 50.0 >=50.0 •In some locations have temperatures up to 74°C, related from field observations encountered hot springs have temperature in range 40°-97.2°C and steaming ground have temperatures in ranges 74°-91°C Land Surface Temperature of Tanggamus based on Landsat 8 OL/TIRS Corridor 124064 on 19 November 2016., shows that the trend of temperatures has NW-SE directions. Interpretation by using topographic, landscape maps and with 3D micromine software applications and surface temperature calculated from Landsat imagery 8 in the study areas have temperature ranges greater than 50°C.#12. FIG WORKING WEEK 2017 29 may-2 June Helsinki Finland Cont.. Three dimensions illustrate clearly that the development of structures in the Tanggamus geothermal prospect area is indicated as step fault (graben) which have NW-SE, NE-SW and W-E directions with have variation 30-65° slopes. This structure controls the geothermal surface manifestation distributions. The micromine software is used to process the topography and Landsat maps to delineate the geothermal prospective areas. In this area is estimated to have a geothermal prospect area ± 66 km² (optimistic) but when looking from the distribution of heat features in the whole study area is predicted to have a geothermal prospect area expanded up to 160 Km 2. GEOTHERMAL PROSPECT AREA#13FIG WORKING WEEK 2017 29 may-2 June Helsinki Finland Cont.. • Landsat image is used to create land surface temperature. (LST) Flow chart of Split Window algorithm Landsat 8 (Rajeshwari, 2014). Layer stack of OLI bands 2.3.4.5 T IR bands 10.11 • The LST can be defined as how hot the surface of the LA 10 LA 11 Earth would feel to the touch in a location (earth observatory.nasa.gov). • The data used for generating LST are Landsat TB 10 TB 11 8 OLI/TIRS corridor 124064 dated 12/June/2016 and 19 November/2016. LST LSE 10 NDVI FVC LS E1 Mean LSE Difference in LSE LST is calculated using Split-Window (SW) algorithm#14FIG WORKING WEEK 2017 29 may-2 June Helsinki Finland The main formula for calculating LST is, LST CALCULATION LST = TB10+ C1 (TB10-TB11) + C2 (TB10-TB11)² + CO + (C3+C4W) (1-ε) + (C5+C6W) A & Where: ⚫LST - Land Surface Temperature (K), W is values of atmospheric vapour content •CO to C6 - Split-Window Coefficient values (table; Skokovic et al, 2014 vide Rajeshwari, 2014) •TB10 and TB11 - brightness temperature of band 10 and band 11 (K) ⚫TB10 and TB11 can be calculated as TB = K2/Ln ((K1/ Lλ) +1) Where: • • K1 and K2 are thermal conversion constant and it varies for both TIR bands (table Skokovic) LA are Top of Atmospheric spectral radiance (m2*srad* μm). LA can be calculated as Lλ = ML*Qcal + AL Where: • ML - Band specific multiplicative rescaling factor (radiance_mult_band_10/11) = 0.000342 . Qcal value of band 10/11 image. • AL - Band specific additive rescaling factor (radiance_add_band_10/11) = 0.1 •ε - mean LSE of TIR bands. ε can be calculated as ε = (ε10 + ε11)/2NDVIV •A & Difference in LSE. A ε can be calculated as Aε = ε10- ε11 - •Where ε is LSE from band 10 and band 11 with formul ε = εs (1-FVC) + εv Where: * FVC • FVC is Fractional Vegetation Cover. For every band • FVC (NDVI NDVIS) /(NDVIv - NDVIS) NDVI = = ([B5]-[B2])/([B5]+[B2]), taken from raw data Landsat table ✓ NDVIS = ([B5]-[B4])/([B5]+[B4]), as above ✓ NDVIV = ([B5]-[B3])/([B5]+[B3]), as above#15FIG WORKING WEEK 2017 29 may-2 June Helsinki Finland LC08_L1TP_124064_20161119.DAT File Edit Filter Format Records Tools Close RAW DATA OF LANDSAT 8 OLI/TIRS ab час 금 EAST NORTH B1 B2 B3 1 435000.0 9392020.0 12102 11023 9873 2 435030.0 9392020.0 12135 11021 9845 3 435060.0 9392020.0 12390 11250 10085 4 435090.0 9392020.0 12240 11089 10037 5 9153 17054 435120.0 9392020.0 12621 11466 10493 9601 17831 B4 B5 B6 9075 16159 10223 9012 16541 10329 9260 16867 10737 0701 1246 B7 8253 8357 B8 B9 B10 B11 BQA B10_TB B11 TB NDVI FVC B10_LSE B11_LSE LSE MEAN LSE DIFF Celcius1 Celcius6 9416 5352 23163 21031 3008 295.06988216 294.37867870 0.18894857 2.34 1.008 1.005 1.00673 0.003 22.34 22.42 8684 8576 9617 5428 23175 21033 2976 295.09977374 294.38461113 0.20027574 2.31 9849 5418 23166 21013 2976 295.07735576 294.32527561 0.19977238 2.31 6 435150.0 9392020.0 13055 11981 10824 10015 17527 1322 7 435180.0 9392020.0 13758 12811 11429 10753 17797 1741 8 435210.0 9392020.0 14761 13891 12505 11890 18757 9 10 435240.0 9392020.0 14356 13351 12309 11590 18367 435270.0 9392020.0 14044 13061 12188 11426 18263 9431 5406 23134 20981 2976 294.99761320 294.23028697 0.21195324 2.11 8954 10164 5362 23086 20946 8008 294.87789910 294.12631997 0.21725774 2.02 9191 10624 5382 23010 20908 3008 294.68810486 294.01335474 0.18794903 2.33 9633 11629 5385 22933 20872 3008 294.49550329 293.90625149 0.16289859 2.91 2680 10390 12745 5370 22878 20843 2800 294.35773881 293.81991461 0.14904435 3.12 2773 10351 11959 5378 22852 20825 2800 294.29255791 293.76629955 0.15814364 2.37 1.003 1.008 1.005 1.008 1.005 1.005 1,002 1.001 1.00632 1.00637 1.00351 0.002 1.00230 0.002 22.48 0.003 22.43 22.50 0.003 22.47 22.54 22.56 22.60 22.50 1.008 1.018 1.021 1.009 1.005 1.012 1.014 1.005 1.00669 0.003 1.01470 0.006 21.19 1.01762 0.006 20.82 1.00716 0.003 21.28 21.94 22.01 21.35 21.01 21.36 11 435300.0 9392020.0 14427 13437 12595 11914 18808 12 13 14 435390.0 9392020.0 12727 11677 10365 435330.0 9392020.0 13812 12744 11837 11070 17992 435360.0 9392020.0 12898 11843 10694 9902 16877 9593 16430 15 435420.0 9392020.0 12514 11459 9994 9233 15909 16 435450.0 9392020.0 12093 10964 9721 8891 15521 17 18 1206 0654 0056 9931 435480.0 9392020.0 14789 13834 12709 12066 18425 2554 10139 11539 5383 22458 20652 2800 293.30038004 293.24995268 0.14231687 2.65 435510.0 9392020.0 19943 19233 18395 18054 23776 18298 14630 19163 5378 22285 20561 2800 292.86206343 292.97758215 0.10562905 3.39 2944 10355 11473 5398 22840 20819 2800 294.26246230 293.74842332 0.16607074 2.09 3087 10598 11699 5384 22832 20817 2800 294.24239430 293.74246407 0.16656846 2.18 2364 9993 10894 5401 22821 20823 2800 294.21479524 293.76034106 0.17074440 2.12 9029 10556 5389 22813 20849 3008 294.19471914 293.83778176 0.17527855 2.35 8539 10205 5361 22797 20864 3008 294.15455671 293.88243971 0.16910378 2.57 8233 10472 5376 22766 20845 8008 294.07670309 293.82587058 0.16259866 2.77 8022 9487 5379 22647 20764 8008 293.77736734 293.58445184 0.17205966 2.38 1.015 1.006 1.003 1.005 1.002 1.009 1.005 1.012 1.008 1.010 1.009 1.006 1.013 1.009 1.025 1.018 19 20 22 23 24 25 435540.0 9392020.0 21769 21245 20404 20273 25723 20114 16108 20377 5383 22185 20504 2800 292.60794838 292.80670531 0.09534151 7.29 435570.0 9392020.0 22270 21697 21025 20924 26388 20857 16862 20868 5377 22118 20460 2800 292.43738036 292.67465688 0.09755641 7.55 21 435600.0 9392020.0 22060 21531 20797 20705 26329 20893 17133 20434 5381 22085 20436 2800 292.35327712 292.60257760 0.10025073 8.84 435630.0 9392020.0 21458 20923 20198 20125 25959 20541 17058 20471 5402 22087 20436 2800 292.35837603 292.60257760 0.10741863 10.76 435660.0 9392020.0 19298 18585 17996 17724 24072 9107 15849 17303 5387 22142 20467 2800 292.49850813 292.69567296 0.12863071 3.12 435690.0 9392020.0 17006 16200 15444 14989 21869 16620 13630 15291 5387 22201 20503 2800 292.64864407 292.80370559 0.14891381 2.61 435720.0 9392020.0 15363 14628 13417 12956 20251 1.088 1.064 1.092 1.068 1.112 1.143 1.083 1.106 26 435750.0 9392020.0 17851 17194 15897 15773 22693 27 435780.0 9392020.0 20094 19377 18701 18530 24951 4317 11647 12921 5419 22212 20512 2800 292.67661410 292.83070066 0.16121448 3.50 5834 12941 16984 5425 22180 20485 2800 292.59522806 292.74969976 0.13786447 11.09 8740 15174 18935 5412 22142 20446 2800 292.49850813 292.63261517 0.12574445 4.88 29 28 435810.0 9392020.0 20434 19917 19120 19022 25490 435840.0 9392020.0 21940 21495 20893 20851 27086 20833 16530 20485 5378 22101 20423 2800 292.39406206 292.56351905 0.11508614 15.14 9571 15662 19328 5399 22114 20420 2800 292.42718927 292.55450398 0.12273438 8.97 1.004 1.002 1.00320 0.002 21.43 1.00449 0.003 21.33 21.38 1.00365 0.002 21.27 21.31 1.00694 0.003 20.93 21.01 1.01003 0.004 20.60 20.72 1.01276 0.005 20.35 20.49 1.00733 0.004 20.25 20.33 1.01115 0.005 19.37 19.50 1.02146 0.008 18.17 18.41 1.07602 0.023 14.97 15.82 1.07965 0.024 14.56 15.45 1.09777 0.029 13.51 14.61 1.12467 0.037 12.12 1.021 1.014 1.01770 0.006 17.89 18.09 1.013 1.008 1.01052 0.004 18.47 18.59 1.027 1.019 1.02301 0.008 17.85 18.11 1.148 1.110 1.12922 0.038 12.24 1.049 1.036 1.04229 0.014 16.70 1.115 1.085 1.09961 0.030 13.65 1.213 1.159 1.18601 0.055 9.06 11.15 21.47 13.52 13.69 17.17 14.77 X#16(Skockovic Table,2014) FIG WORKING WEEK 2017 29 may-2 June Helsinki Finland Parameter Table of Constants used for Calculating LST Desc. CO C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 K1 Band 10 K1 Band 11 K2 Band 10 K2 Band 11 Split-Window Coefficient Co Split-Window Coefficient C1 Split-Window Coefficient C2 Split-Window Coefficient C3 Split-Window Coefficient C4 Split-Window Coefficient C5 Split-Window Coefficient C6 Thermal Constant K1 Band 10 Thermal Constant K1 Band 11 Thermal Constant K2 Band 10 Value -0.268 1.378 0.183 54.300 -2.238 -129.200 16.400 1321.080 1201.140 777.890 Thermal Constant K2 Band 11 480.890 ML Band 10 ML Band 11 AL Band 10 AL Band 11 Es Band 10 Es Band 11 Ex Band 10 Rescaling Factor ML Band 11 Rescaling Factor AL Band 10 Rescaling Factor AL Band 11 Emissivity es for Band 10 Emissivity es for Band 11 Rescaling Factor ML Band 10 0.000342 0.000342 0.1 0.1 0.971 0.977 Emissivity Ex for Band 10 0.987 EV Єv Band 11 Emissivity Ex for Band 10 0.989#17FIG WORKING WEEK 2017 29 may-2 June Helsinki Finland CONCLUSION From the Landsat imaginary, topographic map, application of micromine software analyses and field observation it can be concluded that: ■Geological structure that developed in the study area especially encountered through G. Rindingan, G. Kabawok and G. Tanggamus formed the geothermal potential belt by having the same trend direction with NW-SE faults and the phenomenon that supports the remnants of volcanic eruption shows the appearances of circular structure. ■The result of Landsat Surface Temperature (LST) calculation shows the area having surface temperature more than 50°C related to the trending of geological structure. This is also supported by observations in the field. ▪Tanggamus area is estimated has geothermal prospect with an area of about 66 km² (optimistic) where in this area the surficial thermal manifestations are indicated by the presence of fumaroles, mud pools and steam-heated water which are controlled by a NW-SE graben inside the semi-circular depression. The hot springs have temperatures in range of 40° - 97°C, steaming ground with temperatures ranging from 74° - 91°C. Therefore the SW-NE and NW-SE faults control the occurrence of the Tanggamus geothermal prospects area. "Understanding the trends of regional structure lineaments, structural developments, dispersal of geothermal surface manifestations in the study area may assist in setting up an advanced exploration survey strategy. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION