#1Mapping the Higher Education Landscape in Sri Lanka Presenting the Results of the LIRNEasia Survey of Undergraduate Degree Programs Sujata N Gamage Tilan M Wijesooriya Human Capital Research Program LIRNEasia LIRNEasia www.lirneasia.net 1#2LIRNEasia ☐ MISSION To improve the lives of the people of the emerging Asia- Pacific by facilitating their use of ICTs and related infrastructures; by catalyzing the reform of laws, policies and regulations to enable those uses through the conduct of policy-relevant research, training and advocacy with emphasis on building in-situ expertise. HUMAN CAPITAL RESEARCH PROGRAM at LIRNEasia explores new approaches to human capital development by mapping and analyzing the state of education, training and knowledge production in developing Asia and identifying ways of using ICTs and knowledge networks to to fill the gaps 2 www.lirneasia.net#3Higher Education Landscape in Sri Lanka 3 www.lirneasia.net#4Context Developed Countries ☐ Private investment in higher education are minimal because they are able to mobilize public and philanthropic resources for higher education E.g., 4,634 universities & colleges in USA in 2010 enrolled 20.6 million students in 2 or 4 year higher education programs with enrollments distributed as: Public 70% Non-Profit 20% Private 10% (www.webcaspar.nsf.gov) ☐ Private inputs in the form of student fees typically cover about 1/3 of the income of a typical public higher education institution + www.lirneasia.net#5Context Developing Countries □ Private investments/inputs have been mobilized out of necessity China: Since 1997, public universities have been allowed to recover 25% of operating costs through fees India: Since the 2003 Act for the 'Establishment of and Maintenance of Standards in Private Universities', 107 private universities have been established, bringing the percent of private universities to 14%. Bangladesh: Since the 1992 Private Higher Education Act private institutions has risen to 62% of the total 5 сл www.lirneasia.net#6Context Sri Lanka ☐ Private investments and inputs are here, with or without mobilization World Bank estimates Gross Enrollment Rate in higher education in 2006/2007 for the relevant age group to be 21%. 4% public universities and advanced technical colleges (73,491) 12.2% external degree programs (225,208) 2.5% private institutions (45,700) 1.5% Open University (28,569) 0.4% Post graduate institutes and other (9,015) A CO www.lirneasia.net#7Our research Aims to fully map the higher education landscape to Understand the dynamics and publish research papers, policy briefs etc. ■ Share the results with parents, students and the public to better inform them Change their mindset, if possible ☐ Define the Higher Education Landscape as consisting of: I Undergraduate degrees Post-graduate degrees and professional charters Foundation diplomas www.lirneasia.net#8Target Audience & Guiding Principles ☐ Students and Parents Accuracy, comprehensiveness and ease of use ☐ Educational Institutions Fairness in reporting; being a source of market information Researchers Making information available for further research ☐ Policymakers Being proactive in briefing ∞ www.lirneasia.net#9Method □ Scope This survey covers all HEIS that offer undergraduate degree programs (includes 3 professional qualifications; excludes CIMA and some others at this stage) ☐ Survey Universe 14 Public Universities and 3 Institutions (ugc.ac.lk) 56 other HEIS (Source: previous survey by LIRNEasianand advertisements in Sunday Observer and Sunday Times during 9-23 Oct 2011) Respondents Officials such as CEOs, chairmen, presidents, directors of studies, registrars, and marketing managers were contacted and the purpose of the survey was explained. 6 www.lirneasia.net#10Method ☐ Questionnaire degree program name, duration, cost, board of study, graduate output (2008-2010). Το reduce the reporting burden and to reduce inconsistency in reporting, we did not seek information about enrollment and other ☐ Data Collection The survey documents were emailed to 55 HEIS and snail mailed to 01 institutes in December of 2011. Data collection completed by March, 2012. 10 www.lirneasia.net#11Higher Education Landscape ideal There are choices in higher education - for every child - for every pocket book - with second or third chances - at any point in one's life 11 www.lirneasia.net#12Higher Education Landscape 7 Guideposts 1. Type 2. Control 3. Legitimacy 4. Maturity 5. Fields of Study 6. Size 7. Cost choices in the type of institution who can intervene of degree awarding authorities track record what to study size of the student body fit to pocket 12 www.lirneasia.net#13Two of the Guide Posts can serve as 'starter' indicators of quality suitable for an evolving sector ☐ Legitimacy of the board of study or whether the degree awarding body is accredited for the purpose ☐ Track record of the institution or success of the institution in producing graduates * Degree awarding body 13 www.lirneasia.net#141-Types of HEIS we define three using a student perspective □ Public-UGC (17) HEIS that are fully funded by the state and managed under government regulations, with admissions controlled by the University Grants Commission ☐ Public-Non-UGC (10) HEIs that are fully or partly funded by the state and managed with varying levels of independence from the respective government, authorities, but admission criteria determined independently of the UGC. Private (46) Privately owned. Can be for-profit or non-profit Aquinas and SLIIT are non-profit institutions. So are SLIA and ICC. 14 www.lirneasia.net#152-Control Public HEIS ☐ Ministry of Higher Education: 14 universities, 3 institutes and The Open University of Sri Lanka Ministry of Defense: General Sir John Kotelawala Defense University (KDU) Ministry of Education: National Institute of Education ☐ Ministry of Higher Education/University of Colombo: Institute for Agro-Technology and Rural Sciences; Institute of Human Resource Advancement ☐ Ministry of Skills Development and Youth Affairs: National Institute of Business Management (NIBM); Ocean University of Sri Lanka; University of Vocational Technology Ministry of Social Work: National Institute of Social Development (NISD) ☐ Department of Surveys: Institute of Surveying and Mapping 15 www.lirneasia.net#163-Legitimacy Public-UGC (17) Boards of Study Same as the institutions offering the programs legitimacy 14 Public-UGC institutions are universities authorized to award degrees by respective acts of parliaments 3 institutes are affiliated with universities 16 www.lirneasia.net#173-Legitimacy Public Non-UGC (10) Boards of Study Same as 2 the Institutions offering the 5 program or parent body 3 legitimacy award degrees from their parent university (IAT, IHRD at the University of Colombo) are authorized by acts of parliament to award their own degrees (NIE, KDU, Ocean University, Open University, UNIVOTEC) are authorized by UGC to award certain specific degree (ISM, NIBM, NISD) 17 www.lirneasia.net#183-Legitimacy private institutions Boards of Study Foreign 44 institutions (49) legitimacy foreign institutions are members of the International Association of Universities (IAU) or the Commonwealth Association of Universities (CAU) 4 are not members of but recognized by authority in country or origin 1 is governed by an intergovernmental board (AIT) (SLIIT and Aquinas have awarded degrees under the authorization by UGC) 18 www.lirneasia.net#194-Maturity/Track Record Awarded Degrees Public Public- Private All -UGC Non-UGC 16 9 27 52 Enrollments only 1 1 17 19 New Programs 2 2 ALL 17 10 46 73 ☐ Awarded Degrees: 27 private institutions have a track record of having awarded one or more degrees in 2010 or 2011; Altogether 52. Enrollments Only: 19 have enrollments only; Of these two are public institutions (Swamy Vipulananda Institute (; IATRS and 15 Private New Programs: Northshore College of Business and Technology and Western 19 www.lirneasia.net#20☐ 5-Fields of Study number of programs by type of institution per field of study Public UGC Public Non_UGC Private All Commerce 90 4 77 171 Computer Science/IT 34 6 63 103 Engineering 23 13 32 68 Other 288 18 40 346 ALL 435 41 212 688 Private sector dominates Computer Science/IT offerings with 66/103 programs, but only 40/346 in the Category 'Other' 20 www.lirneasia.net#215-Fields of Study percent distribution of programs by type of institution and field of study 100% 12% 90% 31% 80% ■ Private 45% 47% 70% 61% 60% ■ Public 50% 40% Non_UGC ■ Public UGC 30% 20% 10% 0% Commerce CS/IT Engineering Other ALL ☐ 'Other' Private sector dominates Computer Science/IT offerings 61% of total, but only 12% of the total in the Category 21 www.lirneasia.net#225-Fields of Study with Track Record number of programs by type of institution per field of study Public UGC* Public Non_UGC Private All Commerce 90 2 34 126 Computer Science/IT 34 2 35 71 Engineering 23 11 4 38 Other 288 12 13 313 435 25 86 546 ☐ Engineering: General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University (KDU), 6; Institute of Surveying and Mapping* 1; Ocean University of Sri Lanka, 1; The Open University of Sri Lanka, 2; University of Vocational Technology, 1 ☐ Assumed all Public-UGC programs to have track record 22 www.lirneasia.net#235-Fields of Study with Track Record percent distribution of programs by type of institution and field of study 100% 90% 4% 11% 16% Private 27% 80% 49% 70% Public-Non- UGC 60% ■ Public-UGC 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Commerce CS/IT Engineering Other All 23 www.lirneasia.net#24☐ 5-Fields of Study Classification of institutions by the diversity of fields offered Public- Public- Type Institution Private UGC Non-UGC Commerce only 4 Computer Science/IT only I 1 8 Commerce/Computer+ 1 18 Specialized 4 6 12 Wide-Range 13 2 4 Multiple fields of study are offered only by -13 public universities - 2 Public-Non-UGC institutions (KDU and Open University) -4 Private institutions (Aquinas College of Higher Studies; Gateway Graduate School; Royal Institute of Colombo; Spectrum Institute of Science and Technology) ༠༠༩/ ༢ 24 www.lirneasia.net#25Higher Education Landscape 7 Guideposts 1. Type 2. Control 3. Legitimacy 4. Maturity 5. Fields of Study 6. Size 7. Cost choices in the type of institution who can intervene of degree awarding authorities track record what to study what is size of the student body fit to pocket 25 www.lirneasia.net#26Guide-posts for Policymakers and Researcher 26 www.lirneasia.net#27☐ Graduate Output by field of study and type of institution (total = 19,599) Public- UGC Public- Private All Non-UGC Commerce 2,679 143 867 3,689 Computer Science/IT 429 144 1,552 2,125 Engineering 1,195 221 71 1,487 Other 8,301 3,721 243 12,265 ALL 12,604 4,229 2,733 19,599 CS/IT: 73% (or 1552/2125) by Private insts Commerce: 24% by private insts; 73% by public-UGC insts Other: 2% by private insts; 3000/4229 by Public-Non-UGC are awarded by NIE to teachers Engineering: 6% only by Private sector; lack of demand or cost? 27 www.lirneasia.net#28Graduate Output 2008 - 2010 Public Public Private ALL UGC Non-UGC 2008 12,296 2,296 1,331 15,923 2009 12,963 2,935 1,608 17,506 2010 12,257 4,158 2,574 18.989 ☐ ☐ ☐ Total graduate output increased at 10% in 2009 and 8% in 2010 Increases came from the alternative to the Public-UGC system Output from Public institutions have stabilized. Good thing? 28 www.lirneasia.net#29☐ Graduate Output 2008-2010 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 Public-UGC Public-Non-UGC Private 2008 2009 2010 Graduate output from Public institutions have stabilized while output from semi-public and private output has increased 29 www.lirneasia.net#30Professional Qualifications output 2010/11, incomplete list Details Total COMMERCE 770 (CIMA); 179 (CIM) 949+ COMPUTER SCIENCE /IT 220 (BCS) 220+ ENGINEERING NA NA OTHER 22 (SLIA); ICC (70) 92 ALL 1,261+ CIMA CIM BCS SLIA ICC Chartered Institute of Management Accountants Chartered Institute of Marketing British Computer Society - Chartered Institute for IT; Sri Lanka Institute of Architects, higher diploma; Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, Graduateship 30 www.lirneasia.net#31Professional Qualifications Degree Equivalents/Comparables Details Total COMMERCE 770 (CIMA); 179 (CIM) 949 COMPUTER SCIENCE /IT 220 (BCS) 220 ENGINEERING NA ΝΑ OTHER 22 (SLIA); ICC (70) 92 ALL 1,261+ ☐ BCS, SLIA are recognized by UGC as qualifications for post- graduate studies; More such articulations between UGC and Professional Institutes are needed ☐ Many ICC graduates have returned to the country after completing PhDs 31 www.lirneasia.net#32Higher Education Landscape in Sri Lanka how does it look? ☐ Alternatives to the UGC-mediated public university system have emerged and they are of : ■ Sufficient legitimacy Sufficient maturity These alternatives accounted for 36% of the 19,599 graduates produced per annum in Sri Lanka in 2010/2011 ☐ The alternatives offer 253 degree program and several degree equivalents ☐ The public has no maps to guide them LIRNEasia's directory of degree programs can be a start 32 www.lirneasia.net#33Launching the Web site at SL2COLLEGE.org Presenting the Directory 33 www.lirneasia.net#34SL2College is a global community of young. Sri Lankan expats who provide FREE advice and guidance to Sri Lankan students. They strive to provide unbiased and informative answers to questions posted by students wanting to pursue higher education. 34 www.lirneasia.net#35Web Interface at http://www.sl2college.org/hei-survey/ S12College HEI Survey - Mozilla Firefox ile Edit View History Bookmarks Tools Help Inbox - [email protected] - LIRNEas... x (44 unread) sujatagamage - Yahoo!... W List of universities in Sri Lanka - Wikip... x S12College HEI Survey X + www.sl2college.org/hei-survey/ lanka uva university act SL2College 7LIRNE asia Bring the gap in www.limeasia.net Programs View Programs View Summary ⚫ Institutes Your Opinion LIRNEASIA-SL2COLLEGE SURVEY OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTES S12College About HEI Survey Programs Institutes Our Forum Filter Programs by Field of Study Specialization Program Institute Board of Study Field of Study = Specialization = Program Name + Institute 幸 Board of Study = Length # Cost E Commerce Accountancy Bachelor Of Commerce (Accounting) University of Ballarat Sri Lanka Study Centre University of Ballarat Australia 3 Years Greater than I Million E Commerce Accountancy BBS Accountancy GISM - Graduate Institute of Science & Management Massey University New Zealand 3 Years 200000-499999 Commerce Accountancy BSc Accounting and Finance Royal Institute of Colombo University of London UK Commerce Accountancy E Commerce Accountancy Commerce Commerce Commerce Commerce * Commerce Accountancy Administration/Management/Business Studies Administration/Management/Business Studies Administration/Management/Business Studies Administration/Management/Business Studies BSc Accounting with Law BSc applied accounting BSc Applied Accounting BA (Hons) Business Administration BA (Hons) Business Management BA (Hons) Business & Management Studies BA (Hons) Business and Management Royal Institute of Colombo Mercury Institute of Management Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology (APIIT) 3 Years Greater than I Million University of London UK 3 Years Greater than I Million Cosmopolitan College of Business and Technology (CCBT) Oxford Brookes University UK Less than 3 Years Oxford Brookes University UK 2.5 Years Staffordshire University UK 3 Years Greater than I Million Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology (APIIT) Staffordshire University UK 3 Years Greater than I Million International College of Business & Technology (ICBT) Cardiff Metropolitan University UK 3 Years 500000-999999 British School of Commerce London School of Commerce UK 2 Years 500000-999999 200000-499999 200000-499999 H 1 of 26 HH Programs per page: 10 ttp://www.sl2college.org/hei-survey/index.php S12College HEI... 1-Data HE 201... Data HE Coun... Data HE_US_20... webcaspar tabl... Book2 Document2 - ... EN Processed within 0.237 Seconds X 11:56 PM#36CHOICES EDUCATION A DIRECTORY OF UNDERGRADUATE DEGREE PROGRAMS IN SRI LANKA Compiled by LIRNEAsia www.lirneasia.net JounionOLLILLA AA AA#37LIRNEasia Directory of Undergraduate Degree Programs FIELD OF STUDY Specialization Output/Enrollments Duration, Cost Degree awarding authority 37 www.lirneasia.net#38Commerce specializations (19) Programs with Track Record No Track Record ☐ Accountancy; Business Administration/Management; Economics/Finance; Engineering/Technology Management; Hospitality/Tourism Management; Human Resource Management; International Business; Management With Law; Marketing Agri-Business; Communication Management; Entrepreneurship & Small Business; Event & Venue Management; Healthcare Management; Information Systems; Logistics; Retail Management; Sports Management; Valuation & Property Management 9 Specializations have graduate output 38 www.lirneasia.net#39Computer Science/IT specializations (11) Programs with Track Record No Track Record Business information technology; Computer networking; Computer systems; Computing/computer science; Information Systems; Information technology; Internet technology; Multimedia; Software Engineering Database administration and management Information science ☐ 9 Specialization have graduate Output 39 www.lirneasia.net#40Engineering Specializations (12) Programs with Track Record No Track Record Aeronautic/Aerospace Engineering; Civil Engineering; Electrical & Electronic Engineering; Industrial Engineering; Marine Engineering; Mechanical Engineering; Quantity Surveying/Construction Management; Technology Automotive Engineering; Engineering, General; Environmental Engineering; Offshore Systems Engineering ☐ 8 Specializations have graduate output 40 www.lirneasia.net#41☐ Other 'Specializations' (12) Programs with Track Record No Track Record Architecture; Design; Development Studies; Education; Humanities/Social Sciences; Law; Nursing; Psychology; Science Agriculture; Media & Communication; Medicine And Surgery 8 Specializations have graduate output 41 www.lirneasia.net#42☐ Output /Enrollments (2010/2011) number of institutions, by size and type of institution Size (graduate Public- UGC Public- Non-UGC Private output) 500 Or more 100-499 21-99 20 or less 8 NI 2 1 7 1 13 2 6 18 1 12 New 2 Graduate outputs of more than 500 are found in only one private institution. Most private institutions have outputs of 20 or less, 21-99 or 100-499 per year. 42 www.lirneasia.net#43Output/Enrollments (2010/2011) public-UGC institutions 1. University of Colombo. 2320 2. University of Peradeniya 1963 3. University of Sri Jayewardenepura 1770 4. University of Kelaniya 1442 5. University of Ruhuna 1228 6. University of Moratuwa 899 7. Swamy Vipulananda Institute of Aesthetic Studies 700 8. Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka 585 9. University of the Visual & Performing Arts 452 10. University of Jaffnal 446 11. Rajarata University of Sri Lanka 346 12. Wayamba University of Sri Lanka. 13. Uva Wellassa University 14. Eastern University, Sri Lanka 15. Gampaha Wickramarachchi Ayurveda Institute 285 148 124 115 16. Institute of Indigenous Medicine 93 41 17. South Eastern University Institutes in maroon have student enrollment only www.lirneasia.net#44Output/Enrollments (2010/2011) public-non-UGC institutions 1. 2. 3. National Institute of Education (NIE)* The Open University of Sri Lanka National Institute of Business Management (NIBM) 4. Institute of Human Resource Advancement (IHRA) 5. Ocean University of Sri Lanka (Ocean U) 3,000 698 232 88 71 66 7. 40 8. 9. The National Institute of Social Development (NISD) University of Vocational Technology* 29 27 18 6. General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University (KDU)* Institute for Agro-Technology and Rural Sciences* 10. Institute of Surveying and Mapping* *Public institutions for which admissions are not mediated by the UGC, but enrollments are restricted to special categories such as army personnel, teachers, surveyors and those holding National vocational Qualifications (NVQ) Institutes in maroon have student enrollment only 44 www.lirneasia.net#45Output/Enrollments (2010/2011) private institutions, set 1 1. Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology (SLIIT) 2. IDM Computer Studies (Pvt) Ltd 719 415 3. South Asian Institute of Technology and Medicine (SAITM) 4. Regent International Institute for Higher Studies (RIIHS) 5. Business Management School (BMS) 202 200 200 6. Asia Pacific Institute of Information Technology (APIIT) 7. Auston Institute 190 144 8. Informatics Institute of Technology (IIT) 140 9. ESOFT Computer Studies (Pvt) Ltd. 140 10. Australian College of Business & Technology (ACBT) 132 11. CFPS Academy of Legal Studies 126 12. Colombo Institute of Research and Psychology 13. Matrix Institute of Information Technology 14. Royal Institute of Colombo* ㅁ Only a few are located outside of Colombo: BCLS-Wattala; IIHS- Welisara; RIHS-Gampaha Institutes in maroon have student enrollment only 120 105 100 45 www.lirneasia.net#4621. American National College / ANC Education Output/Enrollments (2010/2011) private institutions, set 2 15. Colombo International Nautical & Engineering College (CINEC) 16. International College of Business & Technology (ICBT)* 17. Singapore Informatics 18. Academy of Design (AOD) 19. College of Chemical Sciences (CCS) 20. International Institute of Health Sciences (IIHS) 22. Mercury Institute of Management 80 75 73 71 70 69 56 45 23. Lanka Institute of Fashion Technology (LIFT) 40 24. Imperial Institute of Higher Education 31 25. Gateway Graduate School 30 26. University of Ballarat Sri Lanka Study Centre 29 27. Cosmopolitan College of Business and Technology (CCBT) 28 28. American College of Higher Education 27 29. Brandix College of Clothing Technology 25 30. City School of Architecture 22 31. Pioneer Institute of Business and Technology (PIBT) 32. AIMS College of Business & IT 20 20 22 ☐ Institutes in maroon have student enrollment only www.lirneasia.net#47Output/Enrollments (2010/2011) private institutions, set 3 33. GISM-Graduate Institute of Science & Management 34. Londontec City Campus 17 16 35. OpenArc School of Business and Technology Ltd 16 36. Colombo School of Construction Technology 15 37. Spectrum Institute of Science and Technology (Pvt) Ltd 12 38. Aquinas College of Higher Studies. 09 39. Asian Aviation Centre 08 40. Oxford College of Business 07 41. British College of Legal Studies (BCLS) 42. Horizon Campus 43. London Business School (LBS) 44. British School of Commerce 45. Northshore College of Business and Technology 46. Western College for Management & Technology new new □ Does not include: ICFAI Education Lanka Campus - Curtailing operations; PATHE Academy presently not offering undergraduate programs; Thesaurus Computer Center - presently not offering undergraduate programs; Institute of Technological Studies (ITS) - Not in operation / closed ☐ Institutes in maroon have student enrollment only 47 not provided not provided not provided not provided www.lirneasia.net#48☐ Duration number of degree programs by length of study 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 3 Year 4 Year Other SL ■SL+Abroad 156 33 37 11 14 2 75% of programs are of 3-Year duration (189/253) 19% of programs have a study abroad component (49/253) 48 www.lirneasia.net#49Demand v. Cost graduate output is used as a proxy indicator of demand 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 More than Less than Rs: 2 Lakhs Rs: 2-5 Lakhs Rs: 5-10 Lakhs Rs: 10 Lakhs Programs Graduates 15 1,076 11 33 46 395 1,412 887 More programs are available at higher prices Demand seem to have no relation to cost with programs costing more than Rs: 10 Lakhs have an output of 887 while programs costing Rs: 2-5 Lakhs have an output of 395. Also Programs costing Rs: 5-10 Lakhs have more output than programs costing Rs: 2-5 Lakhs. 49 www.lirneasia.net#50Foreign Boards of Study (BOS) Country Number Number of Number of BOS Programs Programs with Track Graduate Output of Programs Record Britain 24 121 62 1333 Australia USA Malaysia 764 17 5 253 15 10 103 7 India 4 12 5 215 New Zealand 2 26 Thailand 1 1 China 1 1 Ireland 1 2 2 232 ALL 50 202 89 2136 Programs under British BoS have greater share 60% (121/202); Graduate output from British programs also account for 62% (1333/2136) www.lirneasia.net#51LIRNEAsia deeply appreciates the support of the Ceylon Chamber of commerce In organizing this event Thank you all for your participation Please continue to send us your feedback 51 www.lirneasia.net#52Sri Lanka Year of No. Sat No. Satisfying No. No. A/L Exam GCE (A/L) Min Applied Selected Selectivity Requirements 2006 201,686 2007 2008 2009 198,183 207,436 205,249 125,284 119,955 121,421 130,236 36,465 17,248 38,603 20,069 52% 46,010 20,270 44% 47% 47,613 21,547 45% 2010 233,609 142,516 54,124 22,016 41% Source: http://www.ugc.ac.lk/downloads/admissions/local_students/Ad mission%20to%20Undergraduate%20Courses%20of%20the%2 0Universities%20in%20Sri%20Lanka%202011_2012.pdf 52 www.lirneasia.net#53Sri Lanka 142,016 students received min requirements at the 2010 GCE (A/L) 22,016 Passed but did not apply Applied but not selected 32,108] 88,362 Selected Public university system received 54,124 applications and admitted 22,016 for a selection rate of 41% ;32,108 were ot selected; 88,362 did not apply 53 www.lirneasia.net