#1South Sudan Presented by: Jessica Miller, Anushka Mishra, & Jacob Pries#2FACTS LOCATION: In East-Central Africa, South of Sudan, north of Uganda and Kenya, and west of Ethiopia POPULATION: 12,042, 910 (July 2015) CAPITAL: Juba INDEPENDENCE DAY: July 9, 2011 TUNISIA Tuma Rabe MOROCCO Western Sahara Tripol ALGERIA Aalun MAURITANIA MALI ENEGAL Caro LIBYA EGYPT NIGER CHAD ERITREA SUDAN Amar DJIBOUTI Khartoum Ramay Bamak MURKINA GUINEA Conakry +Djamena NIGERIA GUINEA BISSAU SIERRA COTE GHANA DIVOIRE Al Youssou Acer LEONE foco LIBERIA Monnowa BENIN Bang REPUBLIC Trounde Andis CENTRAL SOUTH Ababa AFRICAN SUDAN ETHIOPIA SOMALIA UGANDA DEMOCRATIC Mogadishu EQUATORIAL T GUINEA KENYA GABON G REPUBLIC RWANDA San Tor OF THE SAO TOM AND PRINCIPE BURUNDI K CONGO TANZANIA Dodoma SEYCHELLES Luanda COMOROS M MBWI ANGOLA ZAMBIA Haran NAMIBIA IMBABWE AMBIQUE BOTSWANA Windhoek Pretoria Gaboron MADAGASCAR Cape Town SOUTH AFRICA Maputo SWAZILAND LESOTHO Mavera#336-40% Dinka 1620% Nuer 810% Azande 1-8% Bari 7-8% Shilluk/Anwak 3% Arab 11-15 % Other/mixed Juba Source: Dr M Izady/www.Gulf2000.Columbia.edu Dinka Ethnic Groups Didinga Nuer Ndogo Shilluk Bviri Azande Lndi Bari Anuak Kakwa Bongo Kuku Lango ☐ Murle Dungotona Mandari Acholi Languages ☐ English- official language Arabic Varying regional languages#4History First Sudanese Civil War The south wanted regional autonomy from the north No political communication between the two regions Britian had control of Sudan & at the Juba Conference Southern Sudan Liberation Movement Fight against the Sudanese government Combining the northern and southern regions would lead to imposing Islamic and Arabic identity in the south Focused on relgious and racial persecution and southern determination#5• The end of the First Sudanese Civil War О February 1972, the Addis Ababa Agreement • The Second Sudanese Civil War Undermining of the Addis Ababa Agreement Republican Order Number One Rebellion against the government C • Role of the Southern People's Liberation Army/Movement Battles to cut trade regarding agriculture & cattle market Personal conflicts and animosities Tried to expand control over rural areas and target government infrastructure#6• Increasing unsettlement The Southern People's Liberation Army/Movement and the Sudanese Armed Forces had control over certain areas Government troops led attacks and massacres on civilians and villages Humanitarian crisis between these attacks and attacks specifically in the south • The end of the Second Sudanese Civil War The pressure of the Bush administration The north and the oil • The Comprehensive Peace Agreement Sharia Law only applying to Muslims English is the official language of the south National multiparty elections required by 2009 The south would vote in January 2011 on whether to secede or not Withdrawl of troops The three nonnegotiable aspects of this agreement#7H Tensions in the south & Independence The area, Abyei, on the north-south divide, is disputed between the Arab military and the Southern People's Liberation Movement January 2011, the people of South Sudan voted for full independence of South Sudan Many killings and attacks take place after July 9, 2011, the day of independence for South Sudan Ethnic fighting and conflicts continue throughout this time Oil dispute Sudan and South Sudan signed a non-agression pact Sudan shuts down oil export pipelines in the South because of dispute over fees In March of 2013, Sudan and South Sudan agree to resume pumping oil again#8Current State of Peacelessness Turning Point: On 23rd July, 2013 President Salva Kiir dismissed his entire cabinet, including Vice President Riek Machar in an attempt to defuse tensions during peace talks with Sudan Dismissal interpreted by some as an attempt by the President to lower Machar's profile after he threatened to challenge Kiir for his party's leadership On 16th December 2013, an attempt at a coup, by a group of soldiers supposedly allied with the former Vice President, although unsuccessful, further heightened political tensions. No more than five days later, Machar openly declared his alliance with the rebel group#9Direct Violence Armed Conflict, Ethnic Killing, Imprisonment for Political Purposes, & Use of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhumane Punishments#10I. Armed Conflict: 2.2 million people displaced 3.8 million people in need of aid 4.4 million people facing starvation At least 50,000 people killed II. Ethnic Killing: Due to long standing ethnic divisions between the Nuer and Dinka ethnic tribes • Killing of citizens based on ethnicity Attacks directed at churches, hospitals and international aid facilities Cattle raiding, inter communal violence#11III. Imprisonment for Political Purposes: Political prisoners in the dozens at any given time Held for few hours to few weeks without being charged Prison conditions harsh, life threatening and overcrowded: i) prisons built to hold 400 actually hold 1200 ii) Inadequate health care and sanitation IV. Use of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhumane Punishments: Abuse by guards very common in prisons Government security forces beat and harassed citizens during interrogation Detainees held in hot, dark, airless cells Body parts harmed with the use of instruments such as pliers#12Structural Violence Focus of Government Spending, Justice System and Imprisonment, Violence Against Women, & Use of Child Soldiers#13I. Focus of Government Spending: • Government spends approximately 700$ million on the military and security related matters More than the budget for education, healthcare, electricity, roads and industry combined 83% of the population live in thatched roof huts • Everyday, hundreds of people die from easily curable diseases II. Justice System and Imprisonment: Function under a victim-centric approach • People in power have little knowledge of legal requirements Arrests conducted without warrants Detainees not given bail or legal assistance#14III. Violence Against Women: Sexual violence against women used as a part of military tactics Existed in the form of rape, sexual slavery, abduction, castration, forced nudity and abortion Women and girls raped and burned in their homes Mothers gang raped in front of their children IV. Use of Child Soldiers: 81 recorded incidents of recruitment In 2014, 12,000 children used as soldiers by armed forces Boys castrated and left to bleed to death as a result of troop violence#15Vision for Peace Definition of Peace: Peace is a state that is not only free from direct violence, but also embodies social, economic, racial and gendered equality thereby providing an environment built on fundamental respect for our common humanity, one that is necessary for human growth and self-fulfillment.#16Individual Level With the absence of war and other forms of armed conflict, citizens of South Sudan will be able to peacefully coexist Basic human requirements such as sanitary food and water, and shelter will be equally available to all people, regardless of their ethnicity, gender or economic status All citizens will be educated No gender discrimination in either the education or business sector Health care and medical services will be provided for by the government at no cost, easily accessible and available to all people, including those in governmental custody#17State Level • Focus on providing economic and social development for its citizens Government would consist of equal representation of all minorities Citizens will benefit from the profits generated from the oil industry Infrastructure would be fully developed, with a great emphasis on cultural and ethnic diversity • A legal structure which all justice actors would abide by • Those under custody would not be subject to abuse, physical or mental by the authorities#18Strategy for Peace Our strategy is broken down into four stages • First Stage: ■ Humanitarian aid and laying the groundwork for the future 。 Second Stage: ■ Implementing human rights and establishing economic growth • Third Stage: International law and the removal of officials • Fourth Stage: ■ Education and Reconciliation#19Peace tools used: International Law О Track II Diplomacy О О Human Rights Peace Tools Economic Conversion Education/Peace Education О • International Government Organizations (IGO's) О О National Government Organizations (NGO's) Humanitarian Aid Reconciliation Peaceful Settlement#20Stage One During stage one we must lay the groundwork for future interactions, and offer assistance to those in need. Therefore the following must take place: Peaceful Settlement Reinstate Vice President Riek Machar through IGOS Track II Diplomacy Bring people together from different ethnic groups Propose ideas of change Humanitarian Assistance Africa Humanitarian Action, ACROSS, UNHCR ○ O Food Mosquito nets Seeds for growing crops Training Healthcare#21Stage Two • Stage two focuses on establishing a system of human rights and developing the economy This must begin with: Human Rights Freedom to express views Equality 。 Equality of women Equality before the law Justice Racial and ethnic equality Economic Conversion More money spent on infrastructure and education. Reintegrate rebel fighters into the workforce Oil revenues can no longer fund the military Create a shipping sector to expand economy#22Stage Three Stage three focuses solely on the removal of the president and vice president. This will be done using: ■ International Law Tried in the ICC (International Criminal Court) Crimes against humanity Crimes against peace War crimes Through rule of law an interim president will be assigned. Create a better justice system#23Stage Four The final stage will focus on educating the citizenry and reconciliation to ensure a brighter future This will be facilitated by: Education/Peace Education Ensure the sustained development of the country Allow for the citizenry to understand what to expect from their country Reconciliation Create truth and reconciliation commissions • Consisting of individuals who have benefited from track II diplomacy Create historical records Reinforcing accountability and acceptance Obtain formal apology from leaders Help with reintegration of refugees back into the community#24Strategy Critiques It has been assumed that leaders will cooperate with the peace tools set in place In order for this to work it is assumed the people will rally behind the peacemaking efforts Will people who have known nothing but violence accept teachings of peace? My western conception of human rights and peace may differ from what is needed The assumption that the leaders will want to cooperate and remain open minded when it comes to discussing issues between them It is also assumed that the people of South Sudan will keep an open mind through the reconciliation process, even after the brutal history and conflict that took place to gain independence#25QUESTIONS?