#1šáNorthumbria WATERMILLS Our University REVITALISATION: THE UTTARAKHAND POTENTIAL NEWCASTLE Session Theme: Sustenance From Himalayan Waters UPES 10TH WORLD RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY CONGRESS & EXPO-2019 DELHI INDIA, 21-23 AUGUST 2019 UNIVERSITY WITH PURPOSE Dr Prasoom Dwivedi, SoB, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Dr Sanjay Bhowmick, New Castle Business School, Northumbria University, New Castle, UKunded by Mr Christopher Blake, TGV, Wales, UK?? GCRF Global Challenges Research Fund#2• PRESENTATION PLAN History of watermills in Uttarakhand (with data) Tracing the tradition: milling in the village (when did electricity generation start?) Advent of electricity: impact of power milling on small watermills • The classification of watermills Size classification (with power generation and milling data) Ownership and governance (with data) • Performance of watermills: Historical and current (with data) · • Policy on watermills (and changes over the years) Current and future potential: activities (with data, ie, milling, power generation and others) Conditions required for optimal potential (Comparison with any neighbouring country data?) • What is the expectation of Uttarakhand's watermills potential? From the people From the authorities (expect to link policy with community expectation here) • Conclusion Funded by Ai Ai Northumbria UPES GCRF ☐ University NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY WITH A PURPOSE Global Challenges Research Fund#3History of watermills in Uttarakhand • WROTE V.A. STOWELL, DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF GARHWAL IN 1953", TURN A LARGE NUMBER OF WATERMILLS (GHARAT OR GHAT) BY WHICH MOST OF THE GRAIN IN GROUND... IN A PARTICULARLY FAVORABLE STREAM WITH A STEEP COURSE, A CHAIN OF SIX OR EIGHT MILLS MAY SOMETIMES BE MET WITH IN THE SPACE OF A QUARTER OF A MILE OR SO, THE WATER BEING CARRIED ON IN A CONTINUING CHANNEL (GUL) FROM ONE MILL TO THE NEXT. MILLS ARE OFTEN PERMANENT, SOMETIMES STANDING AMONG IRRIGATED FIELDS AND WORKED BY THE FALL OF THE IRRIGATION CHANNEL; OFTEN, HOWEVER, THEY STAND AMONG THE GAVEL AND BOULDER BEDS OF THE LARGISH STREAM-BED AND WASHED AWAY ANNUALLY IN THE RAINS AND RE-ERECTED IN THE WINTER; OTHERS ON SMALL STREAMS LETS ONLY GET ENOUGH WATER TO WORK IN THE RAINS". Funded by Ai Ai Northumbria UPES GCRF wwwww University ☐ NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY WITH A PURPOSE Global Challenges Research Fund#4(Kumar, 2006) DISTRICT WISE NUMBER OF WATER MILL SITES IDENTIFIED AND SURVEYED IN UTTRAKHAND Sr. No District No. of Sites 1 Chamoli 2589 2 Pauri 1031 3 Uttarakashi 0302 4 Tehri Garhwal 1035 5 Rudraprayag 0671 6 Almora 0073 7 Nainital 0238 8 Pithora Garh 2191 9 Dehradun 0120 10 Udamsingh 0002 11 nagar 0051 12 Champawat 0040 Bageshwar 8343 TOTAL Funded by Northumbria UPES GCRF wwwwwwUniversity ☐ NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY WITH A PURPOSE Global Challenges Research Fund का आटा#5DISTRICT WISE NUMBER OF WATER MILL SITES IDENTIFIED AND SURVEYED IN UTTARAKHAND Based on a survey conducted, the status of existing water mill sites found is summarized as follows: • Almost all the gharats are of vertical shaft type. • Power output at individual gharat is found to be on average below 1.0 kW. This is particularly low because of very poor efficiency of existing system. • About 60% of them are working regularly and 40% are seasonal or defunct. • All are being used for grinding grains and manufactured locally. Funded by Northumbria UPES GCRF wwwwwwUniversity ☐ NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY WITH A PURPOSE Global Challenges Research Fund (P.C. Behari, 2014)#6CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRO POWER PROJECT Government (National Hydro Power Corporation) with the Share of State Government Uttarakhand Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd (UJVNL) UREDA and UJVNL Sr. Category No. 01 Large size Central Government Hydro Power Plant 02 Small Hydro Power Plants 03 Mini & Micro Hydro Power Projects 04 Gharats (Water UREDA Mills) Administered/ financed differently by different bodies Done by Central Government Done by State Government Both bodies are State Government Generation Capacity >25 MW >2MW to 25 MW 100 KW to 2 MW (Mini) <100 KW (Micro) State Nodal Agency of MNRE 1KW to 5 KW Funded by Ai Ai Northumbria UPES GCRF wwwwwwUniversity ☐ NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY WITH A PURPOSE Global Challenges Research Fund Studied only those projects which are operated and maintained by Local People#7The District wise Upgraded Improved Watermill Details are as under (Till August 2013) S.No. District Upgraded Water Mill Electrical Mechanical Total 12345 PAURI 59 3 62 Tehri 102 124 226 Chamoli 185 113 298 Uttarkashi 80 28 108 Rudarparyag 47 1 48 6 Dehradun 64 91 155 7 Nainital 90 21 111 8 Almora 36 6 42 9 Bageshwar 55 0 55 10 Pithoragarh 132 18 150 11 Champawat 47 39 86 Total 897 444 1341 Source: http://ureda.uk.gov.in/pages/display/133-improved-watermill-programme Funded by Northumbria UPES GCRF ☐ University NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY WITH A PURPOSE Global Challenges Research Fund#8Total Capacity: 13500 KW MINI & MICRO HYDRO PROJECTS: STATUS S.No. District NUMBER OF MINI & MICRO HYDRO PROJECTS Operational Non-Operational Total 7 8 9 11 -234561 ∞ 0 0 = PAURI Tehri 00 01 01 01 00 01 Chamoli 04 09 13 Uttarkashi 05 03 08 Rudarparyag 02 01 03 Dehradun 00 00 00 Nainital 02 00 02 Almora 00 01 01 Bageshwar 05 16 21 10 Pithoragarh 04 05 09 Champawat 00 Total 23 wo 01 01 37 60 (Source: As per UREDA, October 2018) Funded by Northumbria UPES GCRF wwwwwwUniversity ☐ NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY WITH A PURPOSE Global Challenges Research Fund#9• OWNERSHIP & GOVERNANCE • 99% OF MHPS ARE OPERATED AND MAINTAINED BY EITHER VEC (VILLAGE ELECTRICITY COMMITTEE) OR GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (UREDA AND UJVNL). GOVERNMENT AGENCIES EITHER OPERATE AND MAINTAIN ON ITS OWN OR LEASE IT TO A PRIVATE OPERATOR. PREVIOUSLY IT WAS UTTARAKHAND GOVERNMENT'S DISCRETION TO ALLOT NEW SHP'S EITHER TO UREDA OR UJVNL. ⚫ BUT AT PRESENT, UREDA IS THE NODAL AGENCY FOR DEVELOPING MHP'S. UTTARAKHAND'S POLICY 2015 ON DEVELOPING MINI AND MICRO HYDRO PROJECTS UP TO 2MW INDICATES UREDA AS THE NODAL AGENCY FOR MHP'S. • UREDA IS RESPONSIBLE FOR DEVELOPING HYDRO PROJECTS UP TO 2MW CAPACITY. ABOVE 2MW, IT IS UJVNL WHICH IS NODAL AGENCY FOR DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROPOWER PROJECTS. • UJVNL HAS TRANSFERRED MANY PROJECTS WITH STATION CAPACITY LESSER THAN 2MW TO UREDA. Funded by Northumbria UPES GCRF wwwww University ☐ NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY WITH A PURPOSE Global Challenges Research Fund#10GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE OF UREDA TRIPARTITE AGREEMENT BETWEEN STATE GOVERNMENT, UREDA, GRAM SAMITI BEFORE THE DEVELOPMENT DECENTRALIZE PROJECTS FOR VECS. • ALSO TRIPARTITE AGREEMENT BETWEEN UREDA, CONTRACTOR/ PROJECT DEVELOPER AND GRAM SAMITI DURING PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OF DECENTRALIZED PROJECTS FOR VEC. • THERE ARE TWO MODES OF PROJECT OPERATION . DECENTRALISED MODE • GRID CONNECTED MODE Funded by Northumbria UPES GCRF wwwwwwUniversity ☐ UNIVERSITY WITH A PURPOSE NEWCASTLE Global Challenges Research Fund#11GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE OF UREDA Central Financial Assistance for Watermills and Micro Hydel Projects •Watermills: S. No. Capacity of Watermill 1. Mechanical output only 2. a) Electrical output (up to 5 kW) or, b) Both mechanical and electrical output (up to 5 kW) Amount of CFA Rs. 35,000/- per Watermill Rs. 1,10,000/- per Watermill •Micro Hydel Projects up to 100kW Capacity: S. No. Areas 1. Amount of CFA International Border Districts (excluding Arunachal Pradesh as it is Rs. 1,00,000/- per KW already covered under the PM package) 2. 3. North Eastern and Special Category States (other than 1 above) Other States (other than 1 above) Rs. 80,000/- per KW Rs. 40,000/- per KW Note: A minimum contribution of 10% of project cost for North Eastern and Special category State (S. No. 2) and 20% for other states (S. No. 3) should be met by the beneficiaries/project owners. ☐ Funded by Northumbria UPES GCRF University NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY WITH A PURPOSE Global Challenges Research Fund#12GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES FOR WATER MILL DEVELOPMENT GENERALLY, OWNED BY INDIVIDUALS ON LEASE OR RENT. GOVERNED BY REVENUE DEPARTMENT • GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES TO RE-ENERGISE THE WATER MILLS (GHARATS) • OPERATION SELF HELP GROUPS (SHGS): • INITIATIVE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT • 15717 SHGS FORMED: OF THESE 6,144 ARE EXCLUSIVE WOMEN, 4679 OF MEN, 2788 OF SC & 810 OF ST EACH SHGS HAS GROUP MEMBERS BETWEEN 7 TO 20 MEMBERS. • WATER MILLS CAN BE OWNED & OPERATED BY LARGE NUMBER OF SHGS WITH FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE FROM COMMERCIAL BANKS, WITH SUBSIDIES FROM UREDA, KVIC/KVIB, MNES (NOW MNRE), INDUSTRIES DEPARTMENT, URBAN DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT. . AT THAT TIME, GOVERNMENT OF UTTARAKHAND ENVISAGED TO PROVIDE EMPLOYMENT TO 5,00,000 PERSONS IN FIVE YEARS CAN BE ACHIEVED BY ACTIVATING GHARAT INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES. • STANDARDIZATION OF GHARAT INCLUDING MAINTENANCE & SERVICING ETC. Funded by Northumbria UPES GCRF wwwwwwUniversity ☐ UNIVERSITY WITH A PURPOSE NEWCASTLE Global Challenges Research Fund (Source: Dr R.S. Jolia 2004)#13● UREDA INITIATIVES - I HYDRO POWER INITIATIVES OF UREDA: • SMALL HYDRO PROJECTS (SHPS): 37 ARE NON OPERATIONAL OUT OF 60 . UPGRADATION OF WATER MILLS: 1341 ARE UPGRADED OUT OF 15,000 GHARATS IDENTIFIED WATER MILL ASSOCIATION WAS FORMED IN CHAMOLI, DEHRADUN, RUDRAPRAYAG, UTTARKASHI, TEHRI GARHWAL. • WATER MILL DESIGN DEVELOPED UNDER UNDP-GEF PROJECT • G.O. WAS ISSUED BY CHIEF SECRETARY ON JANUARY 2003: . • REVIEW BY DISTRICT MAGISTRATE (DMS) OF UTTARA BAHUUDDESHIYA SEWA KENDRAS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ITS ACTION PLAN AT THE DISTRICT LEVEL. CONSTITUTION OF DISTRICT REVIEW COMMITTEE CONSISTING OF CDO, DFO, GM, DIC & PROJECT OFFICER UREDA. Funded by Northumbria UPES GCRF wwwwwwUniversity ☐ UNIVERSITY WITH A PURPOSE NEWCASTLE Global Challenges Research Fund (Source: Dr R.S. Jolia 2004)#14UREDA INITIATIVES - II ACTION PLAN FOR DISTRICT CAMPAIGN . • • ENLISTING OF GHARATS ONE DAY TRAINING OF GHARAT OWNERS COLLECTION OF APPLICATIONS FROM GHARAT OWNERS • CONNECTING WITH AUTHORIZED ACCREDITED NGO TRIPARTTITE AGREEMENT AMONG APPLICANT • MONTHLY PROGRESS REPORT • FORMATION OF GHARAT OWNERS ASSOCIATION AT THE BLOCK LELVE AND DISTRICT • ACCREDITATION OF THESE ASSOCIATIONS AS UTTARA BAHUUDDESHIYA SEWA KENDRAS AT BLOCK AND DISTRICT . LEVEL COORDINATON WITH TECHNICAL INSTITUTIONS FOR UREDA & GHARAT MOVEMENT • SELECTION & TRAINING OF GHARAT PARA-TECHNICIANS AT THE BLOCK-LELEL ⚫ SELECTION & HAND HOLDING OF NGOS • ⚫ DOVETAILING WITH GHARAT MOVEMENT WITH VARIOUS RURAL DEVELOPMENT SCHEMES. DEVELOPING MARKETING LINKAGES ⚫ CREDIT LINKAGE WITH KVIS/KVIB & PRADHAN MANTRA ROJGAR SCHEME • • CONSTITUTION OF STATE-LEVEL REVIEW MECHANISM ESTABLISHMENT OF ONE DISTRICT CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR GHARATS FOR EACH DISTRICT. Funded by Northumbria UPES GCRF wwwwwwUniversity ☐ NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY WITH A PURPOSE Global Challenges Research Fund (Source: Dr R.S. Jolia 2004)#15PROJECTS STUDIED MEETINGS AND INTERVIEWS WATER MILLS • SAHASPUR • THAN GAON • KOTI • DHALANI • HESCO MINI & MICRO HYDRO PROJECTS • RAMGAAD, NAINITAL • KARMI, BAGESHAR • LAMBAGAD, BAGESHWAR • SATESWAR, PITHORAGARH TALUKA, UTTARKASHI GRAM PRADHAN • HESCO • UREDA • UJVNL • AHEC • EXPERTS EX. CHIEF SECRETARY, GOVERNMENT OF UTTARAKHAND • VILLAGE ENERGY COMMITTEE Funded by Northumbria UPES GCRF wwwwwwUniversity ☐ UNIVERSITY WITH A PURPOSE NEWCASTLE Global Challenges Research Fund • GHARAT OWNERS • VILLAGERS#16PEOPLE'S VOICES NEED HELP TO SCALE UP THE GHARAT ACTIVITIES • BUILDING NETWORK OF NEIGHBORING GHARATS • CANAL GETS DAMAGED EVERY RAINS • LOCATION DOESN'T ALLOW PEOPLE TO COME FOR GRINDING • LACK OF PROPER ROAD CONNECTIVITY • WEAK DEMAND FOR GHARAT PRODUCT • LACK OF SUPPLY CHAIN OF SPARE PARTS • INCREASING DEMAND FOR ENERGY • • LIGHTING VS ELECTRICITY AS SERVICE WORKING OF VEC IS NOT TRANSPARENT • MISUSE OF FACILITY Funded by Northumbria UPES GCRF wwwwwwUniversity ☐ NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY WITH A PURPOSE Global Challenges Research Fund#17• • • POTENTIAL ACTIVITIES GHARATS PRODUCT CAN BE BRANDED AND SCALED UP NETWORK OF DEFUNCT GHARATS CAN BE BUILT AFTER MODERNIZATION GOVERNMENT HANDHOLDING IS NEEDED AT ALL THE LEVELS: ⚫ IN RESTORING THE PLANTS • OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE • DEVELOPMENT OF MARKET LINKAGES • CONNECTING WITH MARKET GHARAT AND TOURISM GHARAT/WATER MILLS AND FISHERIES • GHARATS AND ANGLING • COTTON SPINNING AT GHARATS • BAKERY AND GHARAT Funded by Northumbria UPES GCRF wwwwwwUniversity ☐ NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY WITH A PURPOSE Global Challenges Research Fund CAFE#18PEOPLE'S EXPECTATIONS AUTHORITIES EXPECTATIONS MONETARY BENEFITS FROM WATER MILLS • SHOULD BE ABLE TO PROVIDE SUFFICIENT LIVELIHOOD • GHARATI IS LOSING ITS PROUD BEING GHARATI • MINI & MICRO HYDRO PROJECTS ARE LOSING THEIR RELEVANCE BECAUSE OF GRID ELECTRICITY NETWORK • STAND ALONE PROJECTS SHOULD BE LEVERAGED BY THE GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT SUPPORT AND HANDHOLDING CAPACITY BUILDING OF GHARAT OWNERS • SUPPORT FOR ENTREPRENEURS Funded by Northumbria UPES GCRF ☐ wwwwwwUniversity NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY WITH A PURPOSE Global Challenges Research Fund • PEOPLE PERCEPTION TOWARDS GOVERNMENT SCHEMES • EFFORTS DOESN'T SUSTAIN AFTER THE GOVERNMENT SCHEME • PEOPLE ARE TOO MUCH SPOON FEEDING • ATTRACTIONS FOR CITIES IN RURAL AREAS NEED TO BE REDUCED . MORE FOCUS SHOULD BE ON INDIVIDUAL DRIVEN PROJECTS RATHER THAN COMMUNITY DRIVEN#19• • RECOMMENDATION & CONCLUSIONS MAP ALL WATER MILL DISTRICT & BLOCK-WISE UNDERSTANDING THE CHANGE IN SOCIAL FABRIC IN HILLS . BETTER/MORE LIVELIHOOD OPTIONS AVAILABLE . INTEGRATING GHARATS AND MINI & MICRO HYDRO PROJECTS (WHEREVER IS POSSIBLE) • • • • LEVERAGING EXPERTISE AND RESOURCE OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS INTEGRATING VARIOUS PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES TO MAKE SUCH ACTIVITIES · • • ECONOMICALLY VIABLE BANKABLE MORE ENGAGEMENT FOR COMMUNITIES INTEGRATION OF OTHER GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT NEED FOR SETTING UP A NEW VALUE CHAIN OF COMMUNITY BASED HYDRO POWER PROJECTS wwwwwwUniversity ☐ Northumbria UPES GCRF Funded by UNIVERSITY WITH A PURPOSE NEWCASTLE Global Challenges Research Fund#20• REFERENCES KUMAR, R. S. (2006). DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD WATERMILLS IN UTTARANCHAL. • P.C. BEHARI, A. B. (2014, JANUARY 10). A CASE STUDY OF IMPROVED WATERMILL USING POWER ELECTRONICS DEVICES FOR OFFGRID POWER GENERATION. • DR R. S. TOLIA (2004), PATWARI, GHARAT & CHAI, BISHEN SINGH MAHENDRA PAL SINGH, DEHRADUN, INDIA Funded by Northumbria UPES GCRF wwwwwwUniversity ☐ UNIVERSITY WITH A PURPOSE NEWCASTLE Global Challenges Research Fund