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Geothermal Energy 101 1 Spa*ark Energy_18 • The earth gets hotter with depth. On average, temperature increases by ~30°C/km in the upper crust and continental heat flow is ~65mW/m². This is partly due to primordial heat from the earth's formation and partly due to the decay of naturally occurring radioactive isotopes such as potassium (K), uranium (U) and thorium (Th). Surface heat flow is highest along the earth's plate boundaries via extrusive volcanos, but anomalous heat flows also occur in the vicinity of intrusive rocks containing high levels of radio-isotopes. Basin and Range/Walker Lane Mammoth 170°C 40 MW Yukon-Tanana Plateau Chena 72°C 0.4 MW Beowawe 205°C 17.7 MW Blue Mountain 193°C 49.5 MW Desert Peak 190°C 19 MW Brady Hot Springs 175°C 25 MW Steamboat 170°C 133 MW McGinness Hills 166°C 72 MW Soda Lake 165°C 23 MW Jersey Valley 165°C 23.5 MW Tuscarora 160°C 32 MW Stillwater 158 °C 33 MW Patua 155°C 18 MW Salt Wells 140°C 14 MW San Emidio 138°C 11 MW Wild Rose 129°C 27 MW Florida Canyon Mine 108°C 0.1 MW Wabuska 104°C 1.2 MW Imperial Valley Heber 166°C 44 MW East Mesa 155°C 72 MW Caribbean Plate Extension Platanares 175°C 35 MW Cove Fort 165°C 26 MW Thermo 160°C 10 MW Raft River 140°C 16 MW Neal Hot Springs 138°C 11 MW Klamath Falls 91°C 2 MW Lightning Dock 155°C 4 MW Mid-Atlantic Divergent Boundary Husavik 120°C 2 MW Alpine/Alpine Foreland Extension Insheim 165°C 5 MW Landau 159°C 3 MW Sauerlach 140°C 5 MW Dürrnhaar 138°C 5.6 MW Kirchstockach 138°C 5.6 MW Bruchsal 135°C 0.6 MW Unterhaching 122°C 3.3 MW Neustadt-Glewe 97°C 0.2 MW Soultz-sous-Forets 157°C 1.5 MW Bad Blumau 110°C 0.25 MW Aegean-West Anatolian Extensional Province Gumuskoy 180°C 13.2 MW Hidirbeyli 180°C 92 MW Pamukoren 178°C 45 MW Tuzla 174°C 8 MW Salavatli 170°C 51 MW Umurlu 155°C 12 MW Gerali-Sarakoy 124°C 3 MW Yadong-Gulu Rift Kamchatka Volcanic Arc Yangbajain 135°C 10 MW Nagqu 116°C 11.3 MW Shan-Thai Highlands Fang 125°C 0.3 MW Total 1032 MWe (7.5% of mid 2017 13,660 MWe global capacity) Regions where <210°C geothermal reservoirs have been developed for power generation Showing average reservoir temperature and installed capacity Paratunka 81°C 0.68 MW Japan Volcanic Arc Kirishima 127°C 0.1 MW <235°C -160° >85°C Temperature at 5km Depth (°C) Near-surface temperatures are highest near plate boundaries (red zones) and most geothermal power plants are located here. The blue text identifies only those plants operating with reservoir temperatures below 210°C (Febrianto et al, 2018); i.e., similar to expectations for Lemont which is interpreted to lie on a paleo-plate boundary. Estimated temperatures at 5km depth. Hot zones mostly occur where granites rich in radio-isotopes are buried beneath a thick cover of insulating sediments. (Image from Gerner and Holgate, 2010; black dots are the data points. Recent Tasmanian data not included.)

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