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Kaganovich is our deputy." "197 The joyful and celebratory tone of the songs speaks to the level of popular acclaim Kaganovich achieved. 198 A 1931 image of Kaganovich standing on Lenin's Mausoleum Tribune directly next to Maxim Gorky is one of the most symbolic visual representations of his full rise in power." Early in his memoir Kaganovich recalls reading Gorky as a young proletariat worker in Kiev. 199 Almost 20 years later, Kaganovich is pictured standing directly next to him on Lenin's mausoleum in Moscow, no longer a teenage worker with dreams of revolution, but a top member in the Soviet government and Stalin's deputy in the Communist Party. Ultimately, during the 1930s Kaganovich was an indispensable figure within Moscow life and Stalin's inner circle. Soviet Jewish Policy in the 1930s One result of Kaganovich's political success was his eventual role in many of the well- known horrors that occurred under Stalin's reign. In the beginning of the 1930s, the push for modernization, industrialization, and collectivization produced the famine in Ukraine, also known as the Holodomor, and elsewhere from 1932-1933. Kaganovich played a large role in the collectivization policies that led to the disaster. 200 In his memoir, Kaganovich oversimplifies the matter by reducing the issues of collectivization, grain procurement, and the unrest among the peasantry to simply “kulaks” who refused the "delivery of bread to the state, putting the entire socialist reconstruction in danger of disruption;” he does not seem to grasp the severity of the 197 Anna Shternshis, Soviet and Kosher: Jewish Popular Culture in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939, (Indiana University Press, 2006), 118. 198 Photograph 3. 199 Kaganovich, Pamiatnye zapiski, 54-56. 200 In Anne Applebaum's account of the Holodomor in Red Famine, she notes that Kaganovich, along with Stalin, Molotov, Kosior, and Postyshev were tried and found guilty of "perpetuating genocide" in a 2010 Ukrainian court case. While the judge terminated the case as the men found guilty were all dead by then, the fact that a case occurred in 2010 shows the long enduring impact the tragedy had on Ukraine. (Anne Applebaum, Red Famine: Stalin's War on Ukraine, (New York: Doubleday, 2017), 351. 50 50

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