Canadian Banking and Mortgage Portfolio Overview

Housing Market Differences vs U.S. Canada's housing market features distinct practices and policies Regulation and Taxation Product Underwriting Canada Mortgage interest not tax deductible Full recourse against borrowers in most provinces Foreclosure on non-performing mortgages, no stay periods Insurance • Mandatory default insurance mortgages with LTV > 80% 。 CMHC backed by Government of Canada (AAA). Private insurers are 90% government backed ○ Insurance available for homes up to CAD 1 mn o Premium is payable upfront Covers full amount for life of mortgage Homebuyers must qualify for mortgage insurance at interest rate equal to greater of five-year average posted mortgage rate or actual mortgage rate plus 200bp Re-financing cap of 80% LTV on non-insured mortgages Amortization Maximum 25-year amortization on mortgages with LTV > 80% Maximum 30-year amortization on conventional mortgages Down payment of > 20% required for non-owner occupied properties Conservative product offerings, fixed or variable rate options Much less reliance upon securitization and wholesale funding Asset-backed securities not subjected to US-style off-balance sheet leverage via special purpose vehicles • Terms usually three or five years, renewable at maturity Extensive documentation and strong standards U.S. • Tax-deductible mortgage interest creates incentive to borrow and delay repayment Lenders have limited recourse in most states • 90-day to 1-year stay period to foreclose on non-performing mortgages • No regulatory LTV limit Private insurers are not government backed Can include exotic products (e.g. adjustable rate mortgages, interest only) 30-year term most common Wide range of documentation and underwriting requirements 76

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