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Investor Presentaiton

Climate 2020, 8, 46 5 of 16 e.g., [14]). The start of the active vegetation season has shifted to an earlier date-now the beginning of April, which is consistent with earlier studies (e.g., [33]). The growing season duration for sugar beet (average daily temperature above 5 °C) for the period 1980-2010 increased by an average of five to seven days; however, during the period 1971-2015, the duration of the active vegetation period increased by 7-10 days. During the same period, a statistically significant positive trend (at the 90% confidence level) was observed (the coefficient of the linear trend is 2 days decade¹). There have been symmetric changes in the timing for the start and end of the active growing season. During the spring season, it arrives three to five days earlier, while in the autumn, the period of active vegetation has been extended ending three to five days later than during the 1950s-1970s (reference [33,34]). Summer Temeprature Anomaly (Celsius) m - T о I I I I I I I I 890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Year Figure 2. Mean temperature anomalies (°C) during the summer season in the Belgorod Region. A quadratic fit line is shown in red (°C). The beginning of a more meridional NH circulation regime commencing in 1998 has been associated with an increased frequency of meteorological extremes [22,33-35], and led to more variable conditions for crop growth interannually [14]. Reference [20] demonstrates that this recent meridional NH flow period is significantly different from the expectation that zonal and meridional flow regimes should occur nearly equally in frequency or from the mean long-term (1899-2018) frequency of meridional NH flow regimes. Dangerous agrometeorological phenomena are observed throughout the year (references [20,31]) such as prolonged anticyclonic regimes or atmospheric blocking have caused damage to crops in the Belgorod Region. However, the frequency with which these anticyclonic regimes occur vary interannually (e.g., [36]). In particular, the recent increase in anticyclonic atmospheric circulation regimes has led to higher temperatures and more variable precipitation in the summer, contributing to an increased likelihood of drought. In spite of this, the total annual mean precipitation within the Belgorod Region has not changed significantly since the middle of the 20th century [22]. During the warm season, there was a slight increase in mean precipitation observed, however, this was not statistically significant (e.g., [22,33]).
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