Investor Presentaiton
Vol. 8, No. 1
Haoribao et al.: Arrangement Plan of Inner Mongolia Buddhist Temple
temples by analysis of each type, in the part of "The Classification and analysis of
temple arrangement plan".
The Judgment of Temple Level
When determining the temple level, it is necessary to consider the Development
and Change of Mongolian society's background, as well as the construction
background of each temple.
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These temples in the Mongolian area were mainly built between the 16th and
19th centuries. Specifically, at first, the Mongolian Khan Altan Khan and Lindan
Khan introduced the Gelug Tibetan Buddhism¹ and Sakya Tibetan Buddhism¹
respectively in the Mongolian area after the Yuan dynasty. After that, due to the
power of them was subsided, and the intervention to the Mongolian through
politics, and religion in the Qing Government, all regions of Inner Mongolia were
successively brought under the jurisdiction of the Qing.
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In the 17th century, the Gelug Tibetan Buddhism became unreliable on Altan
Khan's forces and relied on the powerful Gushi Khan of Oirat Mongolian to
become the largest sect of Tibetan Buddhism, and its supreme leader, the Dalai
Lama, became the supreme religious leader of all sects of Tibetan Buddhism.19
From the Qianlong period 20 of the Qing Dynasty after the 18th century,
Xinjiang, and Qinghai, where the Oirat Mongols lived, and the whole region of
Tibet was brought under the jurisdiction of the Qing Dynasty 21 Under this great
background change, in about 300 years, most of the temples in Inner Mongolia
were built by Mongolian nobles. Still, in the construction process, they were also
influenced by the political influence of the Qing Dynasty from the East and the
religious impact of Tibet from the West.
The time from the 16th century to the 19th century is the period from the
Northern Yuan Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty in Mongolia, and most of
the time in the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, this paper will divide the temple level in
Inner Mongolia according to the social background and the construction background
of each temple in the Qing Dynasty.
15. The Gelug Tibetan Buddhism was founded by Tibetan philosopher Tsongkhapa in the
15th century, and it is the newest and currently most dominant of Tibetan Buddhism.
16. The Sakya Tibetan Buddhism was founded in the 11th century, and it is one of the major
schools of Tibetan Buddhism.
17. Patricia Berger and Terese Tse Bartholomew, Mongolia the Legacy of Chinggis Khan
(Hong Kong: C&C Offset Printing Co., 1995), 1-6.
18 Namusilai, History of Mongolia in Qing Dynasty (Inner Mongolia People's Publishing
House, 2011), 1-23.
19. Saiyinchaogetu, The Great Khan in the Late Northern Yuan Dynasty (Inner Mongolia
Culture Press, 2014), 104-124.
20. The Qianlong period refers to the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty from
1735 to 1796.
21. Namusilai, History of Four Oirat Mongolia (Inner Mongolia People's Publishing House,
2011), 146-160.
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