Investor Presentaiton
Electric Vehicle Benefits
CO2 emissions per km of E2W and conventional 2W
(average value within 40 thousand km operation)
91
-18%
-24%
75
-52%
44
New 2W
New E2W
New E2W
in 2030
E2W
conversion
Source: IESR analysis
EVs already emit less GHGs than conventional
vehicles, but more aggressive RE penetration is
needed to decarbonize road transport
• At the moment, EVs have lower emissions per km than ICEV counterparts. The
source of electricity generated is an important factor in reducing emissions from
EVs. With the current power generation mix (national average), electric two-
wheelers (E2W) and electric four-wheelers (E4W) typically emit 18% and 25% less
CO₂ per km over their lifetime than their ICEV counterparts. However, due to the
lack of RE in PLN's electricity planning, by 2030, there will be only a further 6% and
8% reduction of emissions by E2W and E4W, assuming constant vehicle efficiency.
• In conventional two-wheelers (2W) cases, well-to-wheel (WTW) emissions from
vehicle operation (including fuel combustion and fuel production) account
for around 60% of total CO2 emissions, while manufacturing accounts for the
remaining 40%. In E2W, WTW emissions from operation (electricity production)
are lower, while emissions from manufacturing increase due to battery
production. Emissions from the manufacturing process could be significantly
reduced by converting existing 2W to E2W, resulting in over 50% reduction of
lifecycle emissions compared to 2W.
• In conventional four-wheelers (4W) cases, the biggest contributor of emissions is
vehicle operation (WTW). WTW emissions from 4W vehicle operation contribute
to over 80% of total emissions. In E4W, WTW emissions are lower, but still account
for around 70% of total CO2 emissions, followed by manufacturing process and
battery production at around 20% and 10%, respectively.
grco₂/km
grCO2/km
100
75
50
25
300
200
100
CO₂ emissions per km of E4W and ICEV
(average value within 200 thousand km operation)
252
-25%
New 4W
188
-33%
169
New E4W
New E4W
in 2030
Fuel production
Manufacturing production
Vehicle operation
Battery production
Vehicle shipping
Source: IESR analysis
End life emission
Indonesia Electric Vehicle Outlook 2023
13
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