Climate Change Impact and Structural Reforms in Kiribati
0
20
40
40
60
80
60
100
Figure 3. Kiribati: The Need for Reforms in Labor, Capital and Infrastructure Markets
Primary education attainment is high, but secondary is
low
Net Enrollment and Completion Rates by Education Level
(Percent, 2019)
International labor mobility schemes have gained in
popularity
Number of Oversea Workers
(Persons)
600
Net enrollment rate Completion rate
-SWP
-RSE
-PLS
-Sealord
500
primary
lower secondary
upper secondary
Source: UNICEF.
Access to water and sanitation can be improved
Access to Drinking Water and Sanitation
(Percent of population, 2020 or latest available data)
Basic drinking water
100
80
60
40
20
0
Papua New
Guinea
Solomon Islands
Kiribati
---------
Micronesia
Marshall
Islands
Vanuatu
Samoa
160
Basic sanitation services
Fiji
Tonga
Palau
Sources: World Development Indicators; and IMF staff calculations.
Nauru
Tuvalu
0
10
40
Palau
。
200
100
300
2010
2011
400
2012
2013
2017
Source: Kiribati Ministry of Employment and Human Resources.
Note: Pacific Labor Scheme (PLS) and Seasonal Worker Program (SWP) are with
Australia; Recognized Seasonal Employer (RSE) and Sealord are with New Zealand.
2018
2019
2020
...and ICT penetration remains very low in Kiribati
Internet Usage
(2020 or latest available data)
120
Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)
Individuals using the internet (percent of population)
80
Fiji
Timor-Leste
Vanuatu
Tuvalu
Solomon
Islands
Source: World Development Indicators.
Tonga
Papua
New
_ Guinea
Kiribati
________
Samoa
Marshall
Islands
Micronesia
•
Vocational training: As the drop-off rate is a prominent issue in upper secondary education,
technical and vocational education and training (TVET) provides school dropouts with continuing
education and gives them necessary skills for future employment. TVET also trains workers for
overseas employment, which is crucial for Kiribati, given its limited domestic job creation capacity.
•
Labor mobility serves as an important channel to alleviate domestic employment pressures
amid limited job opportunities at home. The government currently has 4 labor schemes, all with
Australia and New Zealand (Figure 3, upper right panel), and is actively working at increasing the size
of existing schemes and negotiating new schemes with other countries. The Ministry of Employment
and Human Resources (MEHR) set ambitious targets of sending 1,500 and 1,000 seasonal workers to
Australia and New Zealand, respectively, in 2023, a significant increase in numbers compared to
1,032 and 376 workers, respectively, in 2022.
• Health: Communicable diseases and other national health issues such as diabetes and high child
mortality are important issues to be tackled under the agenda of the current KDP (2020-2023). The
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND 23
2021
2022
KIRIBATIView entire presentation