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Innovation and upgrading China, People's Rep. of Korea, Rep. of Japan Singapore Malaysia Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) 4.29 3.58 2.19 2.05 1.26 India 0.82 Hong Kong, China 0.73 Thailand 0.48 Nepal 0.30 Pakistan 0.29 Armenia 0.24 Mongolia 0.23 Azerbaijan 0.21 Uzbekistan 0.20 Viet Nam 0.19 Kazakhstan 0.17 Myanmar 0.16 Most Asian economies spend considerably less on R&D than the global average of 2.1% of GDP Philippines 0.14 Kyrgyz Republic 0.13 Sri Lanka 0.10 Georgia 0.10 Indonesia 0.08 Cambodia 0.05 Lao PDR 0.04 Brunei Darussalam 0.04 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 50 Note: Data for 2014 or latest available year. ADB Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators online database. YEARS 13

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