VSM Data Analysis and Cultural Value Constructs

. UA is defined as the extent to which the members of institutions and organisations within a society feel threatened by uncertain, unknown, ambiguous, or unstructured situations. • LTO stands for a society which fosters virtues oriented towards future rewards, in particular adaptation, perseverance and thrift (e.g. Western societies). Short-term orientation stands for a society which fosters virtues related to the past and present, in particular respect for tradition, preservation of "face", and fulfilling social obligations (e.g. non-western societies).

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