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energies MDPI Article Ocean Renewable Energy Potential, Technology, and Deployments: A Case Study of Brazil 2 Milad Shadman 1,*D, Corbiniano Silva Daiane Faller ³, Zhijia Wu 1,4, Luiz Paulo de Freitas Assad 2,5, Luiz Landau 2, Carlos Levi ¹ and Segen F. Estefen 1 1 2 3 Ocean Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-914, Brazil; [email protected] (Z.W.); [email protected] (C.L.); [email protected] (S.F.E.) Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-907, Brazil; [email protected] (C.S.); [email protected] (L.P.d.F.A.); [email protected] (L.L.) Center for Global Sea Level Chance (CSLC), New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi PO Box 129188, UAE; [email protected] 4 China Ship Scientific Research Center (CSSRC), Wuxi, Jiangsu 214082, China 5 * Meteorology Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-916, Brazil Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 26 July 2019; Accepted: 9 September 2019; Published: 25 September 2019 check for updates Abstract: This study, firstly, provides an up-to-date global review of the potential, technologies, prototypes, installed capacities, and projects related to ocean renewable energy including wave, tidal, and thermal, and salinity gradient sources. Secondly, as a case study, we present a preliminary assessment of the wave, ocean current, and thermal gradient sources along the Brazilian coastline. The global status of the technological maturity of the projects, their different stages of development, and the current global installed capacity for different sources indicate the most promising technologies considering the trend of global interest. In Brazil, despite the extensive coastline and the fact that almost 82% of the Brazilian electricity matrix is renewable, ocean renewable energy resources are still unexplored. The results, using oceanographic fields produced by numerical models, show the significant potential of ocean thermal and wave energy sources in the northern and southern regions of the Brazilian coast, which could contribute as complementary supply sources in the national electricity matrix. Keywords: ocean renewable energy; ocean renewable technologies; ocean source potential; Brazilian ocean energy 1. Introduction Only 14% of the world's primary energy matrix originates from renewable resources (based on the 2016 database), and this value is about 25% for the electrical energy sector [1]. The immediate needs to limit climate change and achieve sustainable growth are two key drivers of global energy transformation. Consequently, it is estimated that the share of renewable energy sources in the electrical energy sector will increase from 25% in 2017 to 85% in 2050 [1], in which ocean renewable energy sources including wave, tidal, thermal, and the salinity gradient will be responsible for the 4% of the total electricity generation. However, new approaches to power system planning, system and market operations, and regulations and public policy will be required to obtain that goal. As the contribution of low-carbon electricity becomes significant and it becomes the preferred energy carrier, the share of electricity consumed in the end-use sectors will need to increase from approximately 20% in 2015 to 40% in 2050 [1]. Electricity generation using coal, oil, gas, hydroelectric, nuclear, and bioenergy is predicted to decline from 2015 to 2050. On the other hand, a rapid evolution associated with the use Energies 2019, 12, 3658; doi:10.3390/en12193658 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

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