Investor Presentaiton
Critical
Minerals
ด
Precious Metals Critical Minerals Base Metals
Gold
REE's & Battery
Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Lead
Critical Minerals are increasingly
required in modern industries across all
supply chains
Among all critical minerals, lithium, graphite,
cobalt, nickel, REES, manganese, copper, silicon,
chromium, and zinc require the largest percentage
growth by 2050 to meet the demand of growing
low-carbon energy technology under the Net Zero
Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE). 1
The net zero pathway is expected to increase
critical minerals demand by almost 6x between
2020 and 2050, from less than 10 million metric
tons (Mt) to roughly 43 Mt.
Global rare earth element (REE) mines, deposits and occurrences (May 2021)
REE mine
2 3
10 11 13
14
12
15 16
22
17
21
20
23
O Deposit/occurrence
Carbonatite-associated
Alkaline igneous rock-associated
Iron-REE deposit
Hydrothermal deposit
Marine placer
Alluvial placer
Palaeoplacer
lon-adsorption clay
Ash-fall placer
By-product of tin mining
19
25
40->
38
39
32
34 35
33
47
37
43
730
75
45
72
76
77
46
78
48
70->
69
80
79
81
820
71
680
83
84
41 42
Figure 1
49
50
51
53
27
2628
57
52 54 55
88
58-61
65
91
29
30
64.66
56
87
90
62
85
95
67
94
86
63
93
Total mineral demand for clean energy technologies
by scenario, compared to 2020 (Mt)
27Mt
15Mt
7Mt
43Mt
6x
2020
2040 Stated
Policies Scenario
2040 Sustainable
Development
Scenario
Net Zero by
2050 Scenario
Solar PV
Wind
35
EVs and battery storage
Electricity networks
Note 1: Columbia SIPA (2023) Critical Minerals Demand
Growth in the Net-Zero Scenario
Other low-carbon power generation
IEA (2021); The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy Transitions
7x
INCREASE in RARE
EARTH DEMAND
Growth in Mt demand for selected minerals from clean
energy technologies for Sustainable Development
Scenario (2040 as a factor of 2020)
42x
25x
21x
19x
8x
7x
3x
Lithium
Graphite Cobalt Nickel Manganese Rare earth Copper
elements
IEA (2021); The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy TransitionsView entire presentation