Optimizing Design and Controls for Thermal Energy Storage
Model Comparisons
FDM Parametric Optimal
FDM Parametric Optimal
55
55
Optimal TES Heat Exchanger Cost ($/kWh)
50
50
45
35
30
25
25
20
20
25
55
50
FDM Parametric Optimal
20
20
16
12
00
Optimal Thickness ( cm )
100
Optimal Porosity (%)
FDM Parametric Optimal
85
90
95
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Error Lines ± 5%
AAD: 0.15643
Error Lines ± 1 cm
AAD: 0.2187
0
80
30
35
40
45
50
55
0
4
8
80
12
16
85
20
PPFA Analytical Model Optimal
PPFA Analytical Model Optimal
Optimal TES Heat Exchanger Cost ($/kWh)
45
40
35
30
25
20
20
25
30
Error Lines ± 5%
AAD: 1.6923
35
40
45
8
FDM Parametric Optimal
Error Lines ±2.5% porosity
AAD: 0.93202
90
95
100
PPFA Analytical Model Optimal
Optimal Thickness ( cm )
Optimal Porosity ( % )
100
20
16
12
FDM Parametric Optimal
85
85
90
95
Error Lines ± 1 cm
AAD: 0.42371
80
80
50
55
4
8
12
Lumped Mass Approximation Optimal
16
20
Lumped Mass Approximation Optimal
James et al., 2022
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00
85
Error Lines ±2.5% porosity
AAD: 3.7321
90
95
Lumped Mass Approximation Optimal
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