Russian Forestry and Wood Supply Operations Analysis
SIBERIAN FEDERAL DISTRICT
KRASNOYARSK KRAI
Krasnoyarsk Krai:
Along the Great Siberian Road
Large-scale forest enterprises
of Krasnoyarsk Krai
KhMAQ
YENISE!
Stony Tunguska
Priangarsky LPK, OOO
Angara Paper, O00
Belyy Yar
Kodinsk
Yeniseysk
ANGARA
Lesosibirsky LDK No.1, OAO
Novoyenisejsky LHK, ZAO
TOMSK
OBLAST
Lesosibirsk
Boguchany
Strelka Tayezhnyy
Boguchanskyy LPK (Kraslesinvest, ZAO)
TOMSK
Yenisei DOK, OOO
KLM CO, ZAO
Krasnoyarsky DOK, ZAO
Krasnoyarskles, GPKK
ALTAL KRAL
Mekran, UK, O00
SibWod, PKF, O00
Sibles, OOO
Kraslesinvest, ZAO (head office)
BARNAUL
Biysk
Achinsk
M-53
Bogotol
Ust-Ilmsk
Kansk
Bratsko
KRASNOYARSK
Biryinsk
YENISEI
KEMEROVO
KEMEROVO
OBLAST
Novokuznetsk
ABARAN
REPUBL of
KHASIYA
Abaza
REPUBLIC of ALTA
Minusinsk
M-54
REPUBLIC
Kyzyl
of TYVA
IRKUTSK
OBLAST
REPUBLIC
of BURYATIYA
The Krasnoyarsk Krai is Russia's second largest region. It occupies an area of 2,339,700 km², or 13.8 per
cent of the whole of Russia, second only to Yakutia.
In the north, the Krai is washed by the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. The
Krai's extent from the north to South Siberia's mountain areas is nearly 3,000
km. According to the latest statistical data, its population is 2.85 million.
The administrative and political center of the Krasnoyarsk Krai is the city
of Krasnoyarsk, founded in 1628. The distance from Moscow to Krasnoyarsk
is 3,955 km. Other large cities are Norilsk, Nerchinsk, Yeniseisk, Kansk,
Lesosibirsk, Minusinsk, and Dudinka.
GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE
The Krasnoyarsk Krai is located mostly within East Siberia, in the basin
of the Yenisei River. The river's left bank is a lowland valley, while along
its right bank extends the Central Siberian Plateau with heights above
sea level reaching 500-700 m. Russia's geographical center is in the
Krai, near Lake Vivi in Evenkiya.
Three climatic zones are to be found in the Krasnoyarsk Krai: arctic, subarctic,
and temperate. Within each of them, changes of climatic features are seen
not only in a north-south trajectory but also from west to east. Therefore,
western and and eastern climatic areas can be distinguished, with their
border marked by the Yenisei River valley.
The average January temperature is -36 °C in the north and -18 °C in the
south; the respective July temperatures are 10 and 20 °C. Snow cover sets
in generally in early November and disappears by late March.
RESOURCES
The Krasnoyarsk Krai is one of the most resource-rich regions in Russia.
The Krai's reserves of natural resources form the basis of its investment
attractiveness and of its future development. More than 6,000 deposits
of various mineral resources have been discovered in the area. Seventy
per cent of Russia's coal reserves are concentrated here, as well as the
main Russian reserves of platinum, copper-nickel ores, and Iceland spar.
In addition, large deposits of lead, apatites and nepheline, molybdenum,
copper, titanium-magnesium ores, magnetites, antimony, talc and graphite
have been prospected in the Krai. Its gold production is one of the highest
in Russia, with Russia's second-largest gold field (Olimpiadnoye).
Twenty-five oil and gas deposits have been explored in the Krasnoyarsk
Krai; moreover, these resources are as a rule located close to each other
and could be developed simultaneously.
TRANSPORT
The public transport system of the Krasnoyarsk Krai was initiated in the
mid-18th century, when the Moscow (Siberian) Highway constructed for trade
with China opened a new stage of the region's settlement and development.
Today, the Krasnoyarsk Krai is a major transport distribution and transit
hub of the Siberian Federal District. The region has all kinds of transport,
including pipelines.
There are 26 airports in the Krai, including the international Yemelianovo
airport in Krasnoyarsk.
The main ground transport corridor is the Trans-Siberian Railway. Branching
off this trunk railway are the Achinsk-Abakan and Achinsk-Abalakovo lines
(the latter providing access to the forests of the Angara River area). For
nepheline ore export, the Kiya-Shaltyr (Belogorsk)-Krasnaya Sopka railway
was constructed. Russia's northernmost Dudinka-Norilsk railway is located
in the Krasnoyarsk Krai.
The M53 (Novosibirsk-Krasnoyarsk-Irkutsk) "Baikal" federal highway, traverses
the Krasnoyarsk Krai. In the city itself, the following routes originate: the
M54 (Krasnoyarsk-Abakan-Kyzyl-State Border) "Yenisei" highway leading
to Mongolia (Tsagan-Tolgoi) and R409 (Krasnoyarsk-Lesosibirsk-Yeniseisk)
"Yeniseisky Trakt" road.
The Krasnoyarsk river harbor, the port of Lesosibirsk, the port of Yeniseisk,
and the sea port of Igarka facilitate Northern Sea Route traffic and shipping
on the Yenisei. The total length of operated ground roads and waterways,
including earth roads and smaller rivers with local small boats, is nearly
50,000 km.
ECONOMIC SITUATION
The Krasnoyarsk Krai is in the top ten Russian Federation constituent entities
in terms of gross domestic product. Industry accounts for about 53 per cent
of the Krai's GDP, while agriculture accounts for about 7 per cent. The Krai
accounts for 4 per cent of Russian industry, and 40 per cent of industry
in the East Siberian Economic Region. The main sectors are: non-ferrous
metallurgy, mining and chemicals, timber harvesting and processing, and
electric power. The Krasnoyarsk Krai generates about 6 per cent of total
electric power in Russia. Large power facilities are located there, such as:
the Krasnoyarsk Hydro Power Plant, the Krasnoyarsk Regional Power Plant
2, the Nazarovo Regional Power Plant, the Boguchansk Hydro Power Plant
(currently under construction), and the Beryozovskaya District Power Plant
1. The two largest hydro power plants in Eurasia are on the Yenisei: the
Krasnoyarsk HPP and at the Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam.
The industrial sector of the Krasnoyarsk Krai has a marked orientation toward
raw-materials. This is not surprising for a region containing reserves of almost
all known minerals, but significantly reduces the region's investment abilities.
The short-term goal set by the Krai's government is changing the existing
economic model. Among the priorities of the region's industrial development
are metallurgy, the fuel and energy complex, and the oil and gas sector, still
new for the Krasnoyarsk region, but it is rapidly developing. It is in these
sectors that essential large investment projects are to be implemented.
FOREST RESOURCES
The Krasnoyarsk Krai has raw wood resources that are the largest in Russia,
and their reserves have only been increasing in recent years. For instance,
according to the Timber Industry Agency, the region had about 7.8 billion
m³ of raw wood resources in the early 2000s, which amounted to 10 per cent
of all Russia's timber resources. Today, according to the regional Ministry
of Natural Resources and the Environment, the total timber reserve in the
region is estimated at 11.5 billion m³.
The forested areas of the Krasnoyarsk Krai as of 1 January 2013 is 164.0
million hectares, of which the forested land area is 158.7 million ha and
the area covered with woods is 105.1 million ha.
Forest resources are classified by their intended use into shelter, commercial,
and reserve forests, and occupy approximately equal areas. For instance,
the total shelter forest area as of 1 January 2013 was 32.7 per cent of the
total forest resource area (51,825,100 ha), commercial forest area was 39 per
cent (61,980,900 ha), and reserve forest area was 28.3 per cent (44,922,000
ha). In 2012, the shelter forest area increased by 85,600 ha, the commercial
forest area decreased by 83,200 ha, and the reserve forest area remained
the same. The total forest area increased by 2,400 ha compared with 2011.
Fine softwood species are the dominant species in the Krasnoyarsk Krai,
covering over 76 per cent of the forested areas. They are larch (43.7 million
ha), pine (13.5 million ha), and Siberian stone pine (9.7 million ha), although
birch remains second in terms of occurrence. A feature of the age structure of
the timber stands is the predominance of mature and old growth, amounting
to 59 per cent of the forested lands. For softwood, their proportion exceeds
65.5 per cent of the recorded forest area.
Softwood species timber volume is 9.7 billion m3, of which 6.8 billion m³
is mature or old growth. The overall hardwood reserve does not exceed
1.9 billion m³, of which 1.2 billion m³ in mature and old growth forests.
Commercial forests contain over 5.1 billion m³ of mature and old timber.
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