Transforming ENERGY
Electricity Consumption (TWh)
Challenges
Lithium
Nickel
7000
■Transportation
Historical
→ Modeled
High
1000
8 000
1.000
5000
6000 ■Commercial
■Residential
■Industrial
Medium
750
6.000
750
Reference
500
4.000
500
4000
3000
2000
1000
250
2.000
250
Cobalt
0
0
0
2020
2025
2030
2020
2025
2030
2020
2025
2030
Supply
NZE demand
STEPS demand
APS demand
0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Figure. Potential increase in U.S. electricity demand due to
transport electrification, 2020-2050
Source: NREL Electrification Futures Study (Jadun et al., 2017)
Increased
electricity demand
Higher upfront
costs for some
segments
WATES
USAID
Figure. Projected supply and demand for critical minerals in EV batteries, 2020-2030
Charging
infrastructure
buildout
USAID
FROM THE AMERICAN PEOPLE
ONREL
Transforming ENERGY
Source: International Energy Agency (2022)
NZE: net zero emissions by 2050 scenario
STEPS: stated policies scenario
APS: announced pledges scenario
Access to critical
minerals for
batteries
Workforce
development
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