Competitive Shift in Logistics

• Four Phases of Industrialization in Indonesia Rapid industrialization period, following the major political and economic changes of 1966-1967. Import Substitution (IS), pro market, open economic policy The 1970s: a shift towards a more diversified industrial structure. ➤ Shift to Export Orientation (EO), labor intensive industries, oil boom, government intervention through pro national policies. The 1980s: a significant industrial exporter. Decline of oil boom era, more open policies 1998-present: post-Asian crisis era ➤ Liberalization, reduced role of government

View entire presentation