Investor Presentaiton
Athens Journal of Architecture
January 2022
The administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty that governed Mongolia at
that time generally had "Province" called "Sheng" under the "State" called "Guo",
and had “prefecture" called "Fu” or “Zhou" under the "Province", also had
"County" called “Xian”. The current Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and
Mongolia were called “Inner Mongolia" and "Outer Mongolia" from the Qing
dynasty at that time, and both were equivalent to the administrative divisions of
the "Province" of the Qing dynasty. The administrative units equivalent to "Fu" or
"Zhou" are called “League” (Aimugu in Mongolian), equal to "Xian" is called
"Banner" (Hosho in Mongolian)22. It has been used as the name of the administrative
divisions of Mongolia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region until now. Since
Inner Mongolia was an administrative division corresponding to the "Province" of
the Qing dynasty, the name of the administrative division "Province" will be
treated as the name of the administrative division of the whole of Inner Mongolia
in this paper. From the above, based on the social background of the history time
and the level of each temple (Table 1) the levels of the Inner Mongolia temples
can be summarized as follows: "Province Level Temple”, “League Level Temple",
and "Banner Level Temple".
There are 4 Province Level temples, Ihezhao Temple, Xiretzhao Temple, Hoh
Temple, and Jiang-Jia Hoh Temple, which were built by Mongolian khan and the
emperor of the Qing dynasty (Figure 2).
There are 18 League Level temples. In these temples, the Chaganbure Temple
belongs to the imperial temple of the Qing dynasty, and the Maidarzhao Temple,
Xiaramuren Temple, Osutozhao Temple, Maritui Temple, Badgar Temple belong
to the Province Level temples. East Huhger temple, Batahalaga Temple, Fuhui
Temple, Lingyue Temple, Maritu Temple, Merigen Temple, Zhungaarzhao Temple,
Yamen Temple were built by the nobles of Leagues, and Xingyuan temple was
constructed by the high-ranking Hutuhetu. Xiaramuren Temple, Shaletew Temple,
Beis Temple have subordinate temples (Figures 3 and 4).
There are 8 Banner Level temples. In these temples, Changshou Temple, Faxi
Temple, Agui Temple, Badanjiren Temple, and Fuyuan Temple belong to the
League Level temples, and the Balaqirude Temple built by the local Hutehetu, and
Xiara Temple and Han Temple were built by the local nobility of each Banner23
(Figure 5).
22. Miyawaki Junko, History of Mongolia-From the Birth of Nomads to Mongolia (Toui
Shobo, 2002, 10), 219-220.
23. The Judgment of Province level, League Level, and Banner Level temples are mainly based
on the contents of the background of each temple written by Zhang, Inner Mongolian Tibetan
Buddhist Architecture (I), (II), (III), 2013.
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