Annual Report 2019
2.
Central Bank of the Republic of Armenia
Notes to the 2019 consolidated financial statements
Summary of significant accounting policies (continued)
(b) Basis of measurement
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention as modified by the initial
recognition of financial instruments based on fair value, and by the revaluation of financial assets at fair value through
other comprehensive income, and financial instruments categorised at fair value through profit or loss, including
derivative financial instruments. The principal accounting policies applied in the preparation of these consolidated
financial statements are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied to all the periods presented, unless
otherwise stated.
(c)
Form of presentation of the financial statements
In exceptional circumstances detailed disclosure of the information about the operations which occur in the respective
reporting period may lead to a loss of confidence spreading through the financial system of the Republic of Armenia as
a whole. Accordingly, although the financial effects of such operations will be included into the consolidated financial
statements of the Group, the Group may provide only limited disclosure in respect of such types of operations.
(d)
Functional and presentation currency
The national currency of the Republic of Armenia is the Armenian Dram ("AMD"), which is the Group's functional currency
and the currency in which these consolidated financial statements are presented. All financial information presented in
AMD has been rounded to the nearest thousand unless otherwise indicated.
(e) Use of estimates and judgments
In the process of applying the Group's accounting policies, management has used its judgments and made estimates in
determining the amounts recognised in the consolidated financial statements. The most significant use of judgments and
estimates are as follows:
Fair value
Where the fair values of financial assets and financial liabilities recorded in the consolidated statement of financial position
cannot be derived from active markets, they are determined using a variety of valuation techniques that include the use
of mathematical models. The input to these models is taken from observable markets where possible, but where this is
not feasible, a degree of judgment is required in establishing fair values.
Assessment of impairment
The measurement of impairment losses across all categories of financial assets requires judgement, in particular, the
estimation of the amount and timing of future cash flows and collateral values when determining impairment losses and
the assessment of a significant increase in credit risk. These estimates are driven by a number of factors, changes in
which can result in different levels of allowances. The Group's expected credit losses ("ECL") calculations are outputs of
complex models with a number of underlying assumptions regarding the choice of variable inputs and their
interdependencies. Elements of the ECL models that are considered accounting judgements and estimates include:
The Group's internal credit grading model, which assigns PDs to the individual grades;
The Group's criteria for assessing if there has been a significant increase in credit risk and so allowances for
financial assets should be measured on a lifetime ECL ("LTECL") basis and the qualitative assessment;
Development of ECL models, including the various formulae and the choice of inputs;
Determination of associations between macroeconomic scenarios and, economic inputs, such as unemployment
levels and collateral values, and the effect on probability of defaults ("PD"), exposure at defaults ("EAD") and loss
given defaults (LGD);
Selection of forward-looking macroeconomic scenarios and their probability weightings, to derive the economic
inputs into the ECL models.
Transactions with related parties
In the normal course of business the Group enters into transactions with its related parties. IFRS 9 requires initial
recognition of financial instruments based on their fair values. Judgement is applied in determining if transactions are
priced at market or non-market interest rates, where there is no active market for such transactions. The basis for
judgment is pricing for similar types of transactions with unrelated parties and effective interest rate analysis. Terms and
conditions of related party balances are disclosed in Note 27.
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