Investor Presentation

Potential Co-Benefits of FPV Systems Social Economic Energy Water Food/Land Empirically Confirmed . • Reduces land use (S) Repurposes otherwise unusable land (S) Theoretically Confirmed • Preserves valuable land and water for other uses (S,H) Unclear, Unconfirmed, or Understudied ⚫Avoids or reduces conflicts over land and water use (S,H) • Reduces or avoids power-generation related air pollution (S,H) • Reduces displacement of local communities for energy development (S,H) • Improves power sector resilience (S,H) • Increases ease of installation (S,H) * Reduces site preparation (S,H) ⚫ Modular (S,H) • Uses existing electrical transmission infrastructure • Reduces curtailment • Improves power quality • Extends system life (S,H) • Increases panel efficiency (S) • Increases panel packing density (S,H) • Reduces shading (S,H) ⚫ Increases panel efficiency (H) Improves power quality (H) • Reduces evaporation (S,H) • Reduces algae growth/ Improves water quality (S) • Reduces algae growth/ Improves water quality (H) • Reduces water temperature (S,H) • Provides power during drought Reduces wave formation (S,H) • Reduces land use (S) Repurposes otherwise unusable land (S) • Increases energy sources near demand/ population centers (S,H) Social and water-related co-benefits remain understudied. Figure. Summary of FPV Co-Benefits (S = stand-alone, H = hybrid system with hydropower) Source: Gadzanku et al. (2021a) NREL 10

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