#1Central America Presentation Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua#2Map of Central America Gulf of Mexico NORTH AMERICA Mexico Belize Ambergris Cay -Turneffe Islands Gulf of Honduras Cayman Islands GraphicMaps.com Jamaica -18° N Guatemala El Salvador Gulf of Fonseca Pacific Ocean 9°N 6°N Bahia Islands Caribbean Sea 15° N Providencia Is. ⚫ (Colombia) Honduras Lake Nicaragua Nicaragua Lake Managua Gulf of Nicaya San Andres Is. (Colombia) Maiz Islands (Panama) Panama (Nicaraqua) Bocas del Toro Costa Rica Mosquito Canal Gulf Panama Gulf of Panama CENTRAL Gulf of Chiriqui AMERICA Coiba Island 12° N 150 mi 150 km worldatlas \SOUTH AMERICA Colombia 90° W 87° W 84° W 81°W 78°W#3. ● This week Guatemala Honduras Next week El Salvador Nicaragua Agenda#4Guatemalan Flag LIBERTAD 15 DE SEPTIEMBRE DE 1821#5Guatemala Administrative Map -22 Departments Petén Huehuetenango Alta Verapaz Izabal El Quiché San Marcos Totomis apán Baja Verapaz Zacapa El Progreso Chimaltenango Quetzaltenan Sololá Chiquimula Guatemala Jalapa Suchitepéquez Retalhuleu Jutiapa Escuintla Santa Rosa Sacatepéquez Izabal m Copyright ©Ontheworldmap.com#6Topography of Guatemala MEXICO Usumacinto Pasión River Lake Petén Itzá Concu GUATEMALA Lake izabat Ala Torre 3837 Cuchumatanes Volcán Tacan 4067 A Volcán Tajumulco 4220 erra Chikoy River A Cerro Raxon 3015 Lake Atition Volcan Atitlan 3537 M ad Sierra de las Minas Motagua River Guatemala Volcán Acatenango 3976 AVolcán De Aqua 3761 BELIZE Gulf of Honduras HONDURAS WWW.FREEWORLDMAPS.NET EL SALVADOR#7. • 17.2 Million people Guatemalan Basics • Area 42,042 square miles (about the size of Louisiana) Between 480,000 and 1.4 million Guatemalans live in the U.S. . Cincinnati communities in Springdale and Price Hill • San Marcos is the most common origin • 93% speak Spanish 21 Mayan languages • Turbulent recent history • Only 74.5% of population over 15 is literate • Very low education levels, particularly in highland#8History of Guatemala • 12000 BC first evidence of human habitation: hunter-gatherers . Pre-classic period (2999 BC to 250 AD), classical (250 to 900 AD) (height of Mayan civilization collapsed in 900 AD drought?) • 1519-1821 era of Spanish colonization Epidemic devastated local populations 15 September 1821 independence declared Mid 19th to late 19th century chronic instability, civil strife Early 20th century United Fruit Company enters Guatemala and supported a series of dictators#9. History of Guatemala 1944-1954 period of economic reform ended by a US-backed military coup which installed a dictatorship • 1960-1996 bloody civil war between US-backed government and leftist rebels • 450 Mayan villages destroyed, 1 million people became refugees 200,000 may have died 83% of the victims were Mayan Indians • 2012-2015 corrupt regime of retired general Otto Pérez Molina • 2016 Jimmy Morales assumes presidency (former comedian) . In some ways a Guatemalan Donald Trump#10Climate in Guatemala: Highlands Generally 72 to 82 degrees during day, 54 to 63 at night Rainy season May to October, dry November to April 300 mm ■ Precipitation Precipitation 150 mm 0 mm Jan Feb Mar Nov Dec Арг May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Average precipitation (rain/snow) in Gautemala City, Guatemala Copyright © 2019 www.weather-and-climate.com#11Climate Change forces Guatemalans to Migrate • Drought and shifting weather are making it very difficult for many small-scale farmers to feed their families Guatemala listed among the 10 most vulnerable to climate change • 2014 saw increased interceptions of Guatemalan migrants at the border • Severe El Niño related drought conditions in Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador#12. . Education in Guatemala 25% of the population is illiterate, up to 60% of indigenous population Students have 4.1 years of education on average 2 Million do not attend school at all Mostly indigenous females Classes conducted in Spanish but 40% of indigenous population does not speak Spanish Many males drop out due to the need to work for financial stability • Spending on education among lowest in the world#13Roads very primitive#14El Norte: Movie about immigrants • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jPoqBCvyG9k An indigenous Mayan coffee picker Arturo is murdered because he attempts to organize a union during the Guatemala civil war. Enrique, his son, and Rosa, his sister • A man posing as a coyote attempts to rob them. • They cross through a sewer pipe laden with rats. Rosa later dies of infection. • Working as a domestic, Rosa is puzzled by a washing machine. Rosa is nearly caught in an immigration raid. . "The Devil's Highway" immigrants died in the desert#15Guatemalan Music: Marimba GLORIA ANTIGUENA#16Marimba Music . First documented existence in 1680 May have been originated by Afro-Caribbean slaves as early as 1550 . Wooden box resonators replaced gourd resonators . Several types of marimba instruments • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXt7QKvi kk#17Guatemalan Painting mural Carlos Mérida LA#18Cubism abstract art - El Verano 1981- Carlos Mérida#19• Born 1891 in Guatemala City Carlos Mérida Life • Trained in music and art but loss of hearing steered him toward art. Made several trips to Europe and the United States • 1910-1914 lived and worked in Paris (no opportunity in Guatemala) • 1920 First exhibition in Mexico of easel and mural works Relocated to Mexico at the end of the Mexican Revolution • Worked with Diego Riviera • 1950 returned to Europe to study Venetian mosaic • 1985 mural for Benito Juarez housing project in Mexico City destroyed in earthquake. He died the same year in Mexico City.#20. Carlos Mérida Arguably Guatemala's most famous artist Three styles Figurative • Surrealistic • Geometric figures and forms developed in the 1940's • Works exhibited in Guatemala City's Museum of Modern Art#21. Multi-colored Guatemalan Textiles . . . Fundamental part of Mayan culture Hand-woven Weaving is a semi-sacred action for Mayan women May depict information about their history Looms are hand-crafted from local wood#22K +++ Mayan Weaver#23Guatemalan Textiles shutterstock.com 1233765358#24Guatemalan Textile (□□□□□□#25Cemetery in Chichicastenango Guatemala#26Folk Dancing in Guatemala#27Monument to Massacre No pero no temáis a pueden matar los que matan el cuerpo. el alma. Mateo 10.28 الالالالالالا FELIPE QUIEJÚ CULÁN *3 FEBRERO 1937 12 DICIEMBRE 1990#28Began 1960 ended 1996 Guatemalan Civil War 1954 U.S. backed coup d'état installed military regime of Carlos Castillo Armas (Institutional Democratic Party). Other dictators followed • Insurgency among indigenous peoples protesting inequalities . 40,000 to 50,000 forced disappearances of the government's political opponents Early 1980's killings considered genocide#29Guatemalans a little shorter C#30980BFE "Chicken bus" DIBLIOTECA#31. Antigua: Favorite Tourist Destination Spanish Baroque-influenced architecture. • World Heritage site . 1541 volcanic eruption . • 1543 - 1776 capital of Guatemala • Suffered several earthquakes (1717, 1751, 1773) . . Heavy damage caused capital to be moved in 1775-76 Several Spanish language schools#32Antigua colonial city -#33View of Antigua from above#34Antigua#35A street in Antigua#36Church near Antigua#37Catholic Church Año BANTINGS SPORTIL#38HOTEL HELEW Lake Atitlan#39Live Volcano near Antigua Zona de alto riesgo Explosiones, Caída de piedra y ceniza, gases tóxicos, derrumbes, avalanchas y niebla. No se permite Subir al Cráter. Dangerous Area - Extreme Risk From this point on you are susceptible to extreme risk such as: explosive eruptions at the crater, landslides, ash eruptions, and toxic harmful gases In cases of limited visibility, entrance beyond this point is not permitted Due to constant activity, the Park cannot maintain a permanent trail to the crater In the park's existence, the majority of serious incidents have occurred along this route. Gudem CONAP Guatemala Pargas Navica#40Volcanic Ash#41At a live volcano Ju#42Cooperative for Education https://coeduc.org/?gclid=CjwKCAjwkqPrBRA3EiwAKdtwkOuWokzf1fb 41VkWsVNjY7 AdnX0ObrzxwfcljtVwrBbruYD02XORBOCQpQQAvD Bw E#43Delivering Textbooks with Coop Rotary Microsof WORLD PG Alan HAYAS EITING#44Kids gather at school#45Folk Dancing#46Peasant family we visited#47Antigua-based organization ACAD DE ESPARO ROBIGUA 6 AV. DRTE#41BANTIG GUATEMALA TEL/FAX 78320860 TEL. 7 322998 ROBIGUE WE MOVE BOOKS! ¡MOVEMUS LIBRUS!#48Students on the bus Probigual#49Monterrico Beach - Pacific#50Guatemalan problems PROHIBIDO ORINAR MULTA Q 500.00#51. IS IT SAFE? Guatemala has a level 2 advisory: exercise increased caution Several zones have level 3 advisories due to increased crime: • Including Quetzaltenango • The Guatemala City airport is located in a zone 3 advisory area#52What is this? 元#53Honduras HONDURAS GUATEMALA BELIZE EL San Pedro Sula Caribbean Sea Tujillo La Ceiba Juticalpa Comayagua La Paz Egucigalpa Nacaome SALVADOR 25 km PACIFIC OCEAN Choluteca NICARAGUA#54Flag of Honduras#55Honduras . . 9 million people Mostly mountainous with narrow plains on the coast 43,000 sq. miles (about size of Ohio) • Agricultural economy • Mestizo population . . Natural resources . • Minerals, coffee, tropical fruit, sugar cane, textiles World's highest murder rate • Drug cartels, gangs#56Wide variety of species#57Honduran History . . Pre-Columbia times . Mayan civilization in the west • Archeological sites such as Naco, Los Naranjos and Yarumela 1524 Spanish conquer Honduras and add it to the kingdom of Guatemala • 1821 Honduras gains independence . 1821-23 first Mexican empire . . 1823-38 United provinces of Central America 1838 Honduras becomes an independent republic#58• Honduran History (2) 1870's international trade began • Late 19th century fruit and infrastructure companies granted land in • • exchange for developing the north Fruit companies drew workers north • · Self-sufficient, tax-exempt sectors 1954 general strike paralyzes north for 2 months 1963 Military coup unseats democratically elected Ramón Villeda Morales 1969 El Salvadoran army invades Honduras • 1974 Hurricane Fifi strikes: severe damage 1979 civilian rule returns#59Honduran History (3) • 1998 Hurricane Mitch destroys 70% of crops, 70-80% of transportation network, 5,000 killed • 2009 coup by head of Congress leads to suspension by OAS, UN 2017 crackdown on protests following the November election resulted in the death of at least 22 civilians and 1,300 detentions. Journals, environmental activists, and LBGT people are vulnerable to violence. • 2018 President Juan Orlando Hernández announced a commission on police reform which removed 5,000 of 10,000 officers evaluated Prison conditions are inhumane#60Crafts in Honduras • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRBU OW2CYQ • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hvWst QE-Uc .#61Flores GUATEMALA Petin Alta Verapaz S BELIZE Toledo Topographical Map of Honduras E Punta Gorda Izabal Cortes Atlantida Yoro *Santa Barbara Comayagua Comayagua La Paz Panzos Zacapa Copan Chiarimela Jalapa Nueva Ocotepeque Unţiapa Santa Ana Charatenango n Sensortepeque San Salvador Zacatecoluca maphill Roatan Cólon Olancho Juticalpa Paraiso Ocotal Somato Choluteca Fuerto-Lempica Gracias a Dios NICARAGUA Puerto Cabecas Jinotega Atlantico Norte Matagalpa Leon Boaco Atlantico Sur Leon kilometers Managua Chontales 50 100 © 2011 Maphill#62. . . Mountainous interior · 80% of total area Topography of Honduras Difficult to traverse and not highly developed • Soil lacks volcanic ash in Guatemala Western mountains border Guatemala Eastern mountains border Nicaragua Caribbean Lowlands or north coast most developed region Site of Puerto Cortés, largest port and San Pedro Sula, industrial capital#63San Pedro Sula McDonalde McDonald's AUTO BAC#64© Hjalmar Cerrato MarineTraffic.com Puerto Cortés PUERTO CORTES#65. Education in Honduras Until 1957, only private schools for the upper class Public education free and compulsory for nine years (elementary school) • Only 34% of working children complete primary school and 51% of those registered Secondary school consists of • Common cycle (grades 7-9) • Diversified cycle (grades 10 - 13) Little vocational education One public university: National Autonomous University of Honduras . Only 30% of Honduran children go to high school#66Health Care in Honduras . Public and private sector • Most municipal garbage dumps pollute the soil . 17% of Hondurans do not have regular access to health services • Hard to access in rural areas 0.37 physicians per 1,000 people (U.S. 2.4) Ministry of Health serves entire population but only 50% - 60% of Hondurans regularly use these services 9 out of 10 people are not covered by health insurance . Fertility rate 3.7 per woman in 2009 (U.S. 1.73)#67• . U.S. Involvement in Honduras 1857 American adventurer William Walker attempted an invasion Late 19th century United Fruit Company and infrastructure companies granted land. Companies controlled the north and did not pay taxes American troops landed in Honduras 1903, 1907, 1911, 1912, 1919, 1924, and 1925. Early 1980's U.S. used as a base to support El Salvador and the Nicaraguan Contras • 2007 US military intervenes to fight drug cartels at invitation of Honduran President Peace Corps had major presence but was withdrawn in 2012 due to safety concerns.#68Los Naranjos Arceological Site#69. Honduran Music Common rhythms: Caribbean salsa, merengue, reggae, and reggaeton Banda Blanca Sopa de Caracol (snail soup) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Omk-vfXi0tU#70. Arnando Lara Honduran Art · Born in Lima on Honduran North coast Highlights aspects of reality which are inhumane#71Armando Lara#72Surrealism of Arnando Lara#73Is it safe U.S. State department level 3 travel advisory Reconsider travel to Honduras due to violent crime and violent gang activity If you decide to go to Honduras Avoid demonstrations • Avoid walking or driving at night Be extra vigilant when visiting banks or ATMs • Do not wear expensive jewelry • Exercise caution using cell phones in public#74. El Salvador Nicaragua Next week#75El Salvador EL SALVADO EN LA REPUBLICA AMERICA CENTRAL#76United Provinces of Central America Made up of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica Despite 1824 constitution, only lasted from 1821-1838 • Poor communication and loyalty at the local level Francisco Morazin, a Honduran, assumed power in 1829 . Too sudden and broad reforms resulted in rebellion . • In 1838 government reverted to localism#77Map of El Salvador GUATEMALA Guatemala City 90° Santa Chalatenango 88° HONDURAS Tegucigalpa 14° Ana Chalchuapa llobasco San Sensuntepeque Sonsonate Izalco Salvador. Cojutepeque San Francisco Gotera Acajutla Nueva San Salvador San Vicente Zacatecoluca San Miguel EL SALVADOR Usulután La Unión PACIFIC OCEAN ©1998, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ماه NICARAGUA 12° 100 mi 50 80 160 km#78• 6.34 million people El Salvador • 8124 square miles (a little larger than Massachusetts) 780 people per square mile (Honduras has 207 per square mile) • 90% of population Mestizo Economy formerly coffee-based diversified into manufacturing High poverty and crime • Mostly mountainous (3,500 to 5,000 feet) with volcanic range Indigenous language Nahuati has largely died out 50% Catholic 36% protestant Currency: U.S. dollar#79· Mainly mountainous Topography of El Salvador 191 miles of Pacific Coastline • Flat coastal belt and central plateau Rainy season from May to October Dry season November to April#80Topo map of El Salvador worldatlas CLICK HERE FOR LARGER MAP Guatemala Lake Guija Santa Montecristo N.P. Cerro Honduras El Pital El Salvador Chalatenango Sierra Madre Ana Cerron Cerro Reservoir San Salvador Cojutepeque Paz River Sensuntepeque Verde N.P.O Goascotan River Sonsonate San Nueva San Salvador Vicente San Acajutla La Libertad Lempa River Rio Miguel Grande Union El Gulf of Fonseca 40 mi 40 km Lake Ilopanga EL SALVADOR LOW/HILLS MOUNTAINS Herradura Puerto Cuco El Triunfo Pacific Ocean Nicaragua GraphicMaps.com#81. Pan-American Highway A network of roads which extends from Prudhoe Bay, Alaska to the southernmost reaches of South America • 100 miles Darien Gap can only be navigated with all-terrain vehicles#82Saboga Chimán District 1 བ་8, La Palma Meteti Yaviza Puerto Piña Jaque •Capurganá Acandí Necoclí Darién National Park 90 Arboletes 74 San Juan de Urabá Turbo Apartadó Carepa Chigorodó Riosucio 62 0 Map data ©2019#83Map of Pan-American Highway Pan American Highway Alaska Highway Unofficial Route Original Route#84Government and Politics President elected in a fixed-day election must win over 50% If no majority, run off within 30 days Unicameral legislature • 84 deputies elected by popular vote for 3 years • Multiple representatives in each of 14 departments • 20 elected nation wide • Can run for immediate reelection Supreme Court with broader functions than the U.S.#85. • Supreme Court of El Salvador 15 judges and 15 substitutes Elected by legislative assembly every 3 years (2/3 vote required) Legislature designates one judge Constitution Court with 5 judges Administrative Disputes court with 4 judges Civil Court (3 judges) Criminal court (3 judges)#86. Two major parties Political Parties in El Salvador • ARENA party (right-wing) (National republican alliance) won 4 consecutive elections until 2009 Farabundo Marti National Liberation (FMLN) left-wing party which won in 2009 and 2014 • 2019 Nayib Bukele (Grand Alliance for National Unity) won on an anti- corruption platform • • Claimed to be Muslim (his father is Muslim) but claims to be Roman Catholic • Took office 6/1/2019#87● History of El Salvador Prehistoric indigenous populations • Cuzcatlecs . Lenca • . · Olmecs Pyramids in western El Salvador Mayans • Chased out by volcanic eruptions Pipil migrated from Mexico. 1522-25 Spanish incurred resistance but ultimately prevailed • 1522 Spanish admiral Andres Nino landed on Meanguera Island • 1524 Captain Pedro de Alvarado of Spain launched a war to capture Cuzcatlán • 1525 Alvarado conquered El Salvador and formed village of San Salvador • Colonial period: El Salvador part of Captaincy General of Guatemala ● 1811 independence movement • 1821 independence granted • Joined Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua in Federal Republic of Central America#88https://www.amazon.com/Academia-Maps- Salvador-Laminated-Classroom/dp/B075ZJL29L - Jalapa Rio Lempa GUATEMALA Jutiapia El Shiste Angulatú 47210 8.957 Cero BP San Jerónimo Cordillera Metapán Alotepeque Lago de Guja Metapán 5528 San Miguel La Palma Ingenio CHALATENANGO Rio Paz Garita Palmera San Fernando Rio Sum HONDURAS Comayagua La Paz La Esperanza José ■ Arce Sonsonate SONSONATE Tamanique. Zaragoza. LA LIBERTAD Las Chinamas Ahuachápan San Isidro. San Lorenzo 3,402 Chalchuapa 'El Junquillo Atiquizaya San Antonio Pajonal Candelaria ⚫de la Frontera .La Parada Rio Lempa • Texistepeque SANTA ANA Santa Ana Coatepeque Lago de El Congo Ciudad Arce 4068 La Aqual Caliente Reina Dulce Nombre El Carrizal de Maria Ojos Tejuta Nueva Concepción San Pablo Tacachico San Juan Opico Quezaltepeque. Aguilares Tacuba- 4256 Concepción de Ataco 6.040 "Las Cruces 7,759 Coatepeque Voicin 5,958 de Santa Ana Jujutia. Nahuizalco de bralco Woldan 6.206 6-211 Armenia de Colón" San Salvador Jayaque. San Francisco Menéndez AHUACHÁPAN Guyapa Abajo Acajutla Punta Remedios Los Cobanos Izalco Volcán de El Cobonito Embalse Cerron Grande La Haciendita Guarapa 650 Guazapa SAN SALVADOR Арора Suchitoto "San José Guayabal Concepción . de Agua . Quezaltepeque Chalatenango Arcatao Nombre San Antonio de Jesús Rio Lempa Nombre Victoria. de Dios- Los Ronchos Potanico Liano Largo CABAÑAS Sensuntepeque -Tenancingo Tejutepeque San Las Marias" llobasco Isidro Rig Thapa CUSCATLÁN "San Martin Lago de lopango Nueva SAN SALVADOR San Salvador Cojutepeque San Sebastián San Guadalupe Vicente Yordan de SAN VICENTE San Vicente San Ildefonso Verapaz Huizucar Panchimalco Clocuiltal "San Miguel Tepezontes Nueva Granada Portilo- Blanco Nuevo Edén de San San Juan El Cuaguano. Gerardo Rio Taola Carolina Perquin "Torola San La Ermita Monteca Laguna Corinto Nueva . Osicala Lislique Esparta El Carpintero ⚫ Concepción de Oriente Anamorás- San Francisco -Isidro MORAZÁN Cordillera Cacaquatique Coroban Belén - Sesori Ciudad Barrios .Santa Rosa Guataliagua Chapeltique. San Marcos Jocono. - El Sauce Santa Rosa de Lima Zacatecoluca Mercedes" Umaña El Triunfo SAN MIGUEL • Tecoluca Quelepa El Rosario Berlin Jucuapa Comalapa. • La Libertad San Alfredo San Luis Santiago 5230 Santiago Chinameca Talpa * Nonualco Wolcán Tecapa de Maria Volcan de San Marcos San Augustin Anima .Lempa 4757 to LA PAZ Amatecampo Amba USULUTAN volcan Usuutin Ozaltan. San Miguel 6.968 San Jorge RS San Miguel * Yucuaiquin San Antonio Silva LA UNIÓN San Alejo + El Tránsito San Marcelino" El Carmen- Sirama .El Guayabo La Herradura Guadalupe "El Delirio San José la Zorra Jiquilisco La Pita ell Naranjo San Juan del Gozo Isla Espiritu Santo .el Triunfo Usulután La Union Isla .Conchagua Zacatio Puerto Lago de Olomega Olomnega Jucuarán "Puerto Parada EL SALVADOR Corral de Mulas" Punta San Juan Bahia de 10 201 30 miles PACIFIC OCEAN Cordillera Jucuran Intipucá La Paz Puerto Caballo Chinilaga El Cuco Los Patos Playa el Conchagita Tamarindo Punta de Amapala Isla Meanguera Golfo de Fonseca 4.078 Volcan Conchagua Isla El Tigre Isla (Honduras) 0 National Capital (544,898 in 2009) over 200.000 over 150.000 over 50.000 over 10.000 other city Chief town of department ©2016 ACADEMIA MAPS, GEOATLAS® ALL RIGHTS RESERVED (Gulf of Fonseca) NICARAGUA#89El Salvador History 1841 FRCA dissolved, El Salvador independent • 1896 joined Honduras and Nicaragua in Greater Republic of Central America, which lasted 2 years . • 1932 Salvadoran peasant uprising led to La Matanza, massacre of 32,000 peasants (1931-1979 Era of Military Dictatorships) · 1969 Football War • Thousands of El Salvadorans expelled from neighboring Honduras • 1979-92 Salvadoran civil war Revolutionary Government Junta deposed President Carlos Humberto Romero in a military coup Fearing communism President Carter supported the new government#90El Salvador History (3) 1980 Oscar Romero, Bishop of El Salvador, executed by right wing death squads • 75,000 killed in civil war, many disappeared • El Mozote massacre US-trained Atlacati Battalion killed 800 civilians . 1992 peace accord Amnesty for all who had committed atrocities High crime rate due to gangs largely deported undocumented Salvadorans living in the United States • 2 million Salvadorans live abroad • Remittances largest source of foreign currency#91Education in El Salvador . Public, private, and religious schools 21% of men, 27% of women illiterate 9 years of basic education Only 82% of children make it to ninth grade 3 years of secondary school • Only 33% of children go • Two public universities · Public schools free but underfunded#92. . . Health Care in El Salvador Public and private systems All citizens w/o health insurance eligible for public system State covers 79% who can not pay hefty medical bills Only 20% have health insurance policies Per capita spending on health care is only $100, far less than $3,000 regional average A few private not-for-profit hospitals in rural areas#93Gangs and Violence • 2015 6,657 murders "murder capital of the world" • Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) and Barrio 18 gangs • . Originated on the streets of Los Angeles • Fighting for control of territory for extortion • • Many gang members deported from the United States bring US-style gang structure to El Salvador Estimated 60,000 gang members Up to 600,000 believed to be in groups extended network Gangs control entire areas so much that police are afraid to enter A person living in an MS-13 zone can't take a job in a Barrio 18 zone https://www.courthousenews.com/violent-gangs-saturate-el-salvador- from-top-to-bottom/#94Salvadoran Immigration . . . Many originally came during Salvadoran civil war Currently about 1.35 million Salvadorans in the U.S. (pop. 6.3 million) Temporary protected status granted after 2001 earthquake • 200,000 are to lose TPS by January 2020 • Largest Salvadoran community in Los Angeles#95Jewel of Cerén archeological site Pre-Columbian Mayan farming village • Preserves a classical period buried by eruption of Loma Caldera A.D. 600 • UNESCO world heritage site • First instance of manioc cultivation . Third-largest source of food carbohydrates Other crops guava, agave cacao#96Fig 22 Plaza de Cerén Joya de Cerén, El Salvador IN Str. 15 HOUSEHOLD 3 Str. 16 HOUSEHOLD 4 Str. 3 Str. 4 1976 BULLDOZER CUT METERS Str. 5 Str. 8 Cacao Maguey Guayaba Str. 14 Milpa Basurero PLAZA Str. 1 HOUSEHOLD 1 Str. 6 Str. 10 Milpa Str. 18 Str. Str. 13 Stone Seats Str. 9 Basurero Temascal Kitchen Garden Str. 2 HOUSEHOLD 2 Milpa Str. 11 Str. 12 Milpa Str. 17 Μίτρα Probable Milpa Fallow Milpa SLOPE DOWN TO RIO SUCIO#97Plaza de Cerén (2)#98Tazumal#99. Tazumal • Most impressive Mayan ruin in El Salvador . . First settled about 5000 BC Abandoned about 1200 AD • Important center of trade#100Tomayate Palentological Site. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomayate#101El Salvadoran Art -Fernando Llort Painting 859 T O#102El Salvador Street Art#103. El Salvador Street Art https://jonovernon-powell.com/street-art-el-salvador-10-11-17/#104. Music of El Salvador Marimba music very popular . Marimba Atlacati "Lágrimas de Amor (Tears of Love)" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WCJs80Uisqc&list=PLxgaA20CUa 3H-q3alZmT n-Uirx4yZ8ie&index=2&t=0s#105. Cumbia El Salvador https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MaTSOY30djs#106Is it safe? Level 2 State Department advisory due to gang violence#107Nicaragua PUBLICA DE AMERICA NICARAGUA CENTRAL#108Map of Nicaragua Patuca R. Honduras Coco R Waspam Leimus Wawa R. Choluteca R. Guayape R. Bocay Teotecacinte Tegucigalpa Bonanza. Puerto Cabezas 14 Coco R. La Rosita ΕΙ Salvador •Siuna . Somoto Ocotal +Wiwili • Condega Bambana R. Prinzapolka R. .Kukalaya Prinzapolka Tuma R. Esteli Potosí •Jinotega Somtillo Matagalpa R. -La Cruz de Rio Grande • Rio Blanco Matagalpa Chinandega⚫ León⚫ Managua Masachapa⚫ Pacific Muy Muy Nicaragua Lago de ⚫Boaco Managua • Tipitapa Masaya Siquia B Juigalpa Mico R. Rama Bluefields Nueva Guinea 12° Caribbean Sea Granada. Lago de Nicaragua Rivas. Ocean San Juan del Sur San Carlos Indio R San Juan del Norte 88° 1997 MAGELLAN Geographix M (805) 685-3100 www.maps.com 86° Costa Rica San Juan R. Chiripó R. 0 84" 0 75 km 50 mi#109Topo Map of Nicaragua Shutterstock.#110vsss. Granada, colonial city#111León, Nicaragua froid https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n, Nicaragua#112• Nicaragua Terrain full of lakes, volcanos, and beaches 6 million people largely Mestizo, 50,000 square miles (between Louisiana and Mississippi) • Paleo-Americans as far back as 12,000 BCE • Macro-Chibchan hunters -gatherers -fishing- slash & burn agriculture • 1502 Columbus discovered • 1522 González Dávila initial expedition driven off by the Chorotega • 1524 first permanent Spanish settlement by Hernández de Cordoba . . Grenada and León founded Spanish clashed in "War of the Captains" but ultimately prevailed#113History of Nicaragua (2) Spanish conquerors married took indigenous partners, beginning Mestizo tradition Many indigenous killed due to infectious diseases brought by Spaniards • 1610 León destroyed by Momotombo vocano 1821 Independence ● Civil war between liberal elite of León and conservative elite of Granada • 1852 Managua chosen as capital 1855 American William Walker declares himself president of Nicaragua- other Central American countries drove him out#114• • • • History of Nicaragua (3) 1912 President Adolf Diaz asked America to intervene . 1912-33 U.S. Marines occupied Nicaragua 1927-1979 Hereditary dictatorship of the Somoza family Somoza family came to power due to U.S. induced pact 1972 earthquake destroyed 90% of Nicaragua . Somoza Debayle siphoned off most of the relief money 1979 Sandinista revolutionary group ousted Somoza • Most middle class, wealthy landowners, and professionals left, many for U.S. 1980 Contras formed in opposition to Sandinistas • • • Reagan authorized CIA to help them with funding, armaments, and training Contras destroyed health centers and schools May have committed murder and rape Reagan administration imposed economic embargo against Sandinistas#115. History of Nicaragua (4) 1983 Congress forbid funding of the contras Iran-Contra affair 30,000 died in war between Contras and Sandinistas • 1990 Anti-Sandinista coalition wins • 2006 Ortega and Sandinistas return winning elections in 2011 and 2016 • 2018 Mass demonstrations call for Ortega's resignation . Ortega kills many#116Government of Nicaragua . • Constitutional democracy President elected for five years appoints cabinet with legislative approval Unicameral National Assembly members elected for 5 years by proportional representation. • 20 elected nationally, 70 represent departments, outgoing President, presidential runner-up Courts . • 16 judges on Supreme Court nominated by political parties and elected by legislature to five year term • Four chambers (administrative, criminal, civil and constitutional) (similar to El Salvador)#117The canal that wasn't Proposed as early as 1551 • 1825 Considered by the Federal Republic of Central America and in 1826 by the United States • 1897 U.S. Nicaraguan Canal Commission proposed and the U.S. leased the land to build it • 1902 the United States decided to build it in Panama • Today: project still gets batted around Panama canal is 50 miles long Nicaragua canal would be 170 miles long#118. . Immigration from Nicaragua Fueled by oppression of Ortega government https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-09-24/violence-drives-increasing- numbers-nicaraguans-us#119. Political Parties Sandinista National Liberation Front (socialist) Ruling party since 2007 Constitutional Liberal Party conservative • Independent liberal party middle of the road • 2014 constitutional change eliminated ban on re-election of the president#120León Viejo Founded in 1524 by Spanish explorer Francisco Hernández de Córdoba 16th Century colonial city with a grid system with a main square at its center Located near volcano Momotombo Three monasteries, "La Merced", "San Pedro and "San Francisco" Monasteries damaged by natural disasters Pre-Hispanic ceramic remains found Relocated in 1610 due to volcano, earthquake#121Crafts in Nicaragua . https://www.nicaragua.com/tag/crafts/#122Music in Nicaragua • Mixture of different of different cultures from indigenous tribes, Europeans, and African slaves Palo de Mayo (Maypole) on Caribbean coast • A celebration welcoming rain Punta is a popular music of the Garifuna community . Can be performed at wakes • Struggle to felt by the indigenous population • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=roX1nMwl40w#123Education Somoza regime Poorly funded • Only 65% of primary-school age children attended school • . Secondary schools private and expensive Of those who entered, only 22% completed six grades of primary school Illiteracy 50% of population 1979 Sandinistas • . • 1980 literacy campaign reduced illiteracy from 50% to 23% of population · Double proportion of GNP spend on pre-college education Triple college enrollment Politicized education as an instrument of ideology#124. 1980's Sandinistas Education . Civil war against Contras strained resources 1980-1990 school age children increased 35% • Literacy reduced from the rate after 1980 campaign 1990 election won by more conservative Chamorro Government . More conservative values in the curriculum • New textbooks developed with aid from U.S. Agency for International Development#125Health Care . Pre-Sandinista • Nurses and doctors concentrated in Managua Low life-expectancy and high infant mortality Under Sandinistas ● Single national healthcare system available to all New primary healthcare facilities and 10% of budget to healthcare • Today More market-oriented • Continued concentration of health care professionals in Managua . GPs poorly paid (even in comparison to neighboring countries)#126. Health Care Traditional high fertility rate due to lack of access to contraception Was 3.27 in 2000 • Now down to about 2.20 and may be as low as 1.89#127. How can I help: FINCA https://finca.org/our-impact/improved-lives/#128Cancún Havana Next week: Cuba QUINTANA ROO Cayman Islands Cuba Turks and Caicos Islands Haiti Map data ©2019 Google, INEGI