#1Development of an Air Emission Inventory for the Western Arizona Sonora Border Air Quality Study (WASBAQS) Part 2 - Mexico Emission Inventory Presentation to the 2008 International Emissions Inventory Conference June 4, 2008 Portland, Oregon Martinus Wolf, Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG) Co-authors: Paula Fields (ERG); Gerard Mansell, John Grant, Amnon Bar-Ilan, Alison Pollack (ENVIRON) ERG#2Presentation Overview Inventory scope Methodology and data collection - Point sources – Area sources - On-road motor vehicles - Nonroad mobile sources Conclusion ERG 2#3Inventory Scope Pollutants and sources types as discussed in Part 1 presentation Inventory Domain ERG NW portion of municipality of San Luis Río Colorado (SLRC), Sonora ➤ Municipality population of 157,076 (90% in domain) ➤ Includes urban area NE portion of municipality of Mexicali, Baja California ➤ Municipality population of 855,962 (9% in domain) ➤ Agricultural ejido (communes); does not include urban area 3#4BAJA CALIFORNIA (MX) CALIFORNIA (US) ARIZONA (US) SONORA (MX) 0 5 Miles 10 15#5Ejido Yucatan Ejido Lazaro Cardenas (La Mosca Poblado Paredones Ejido Queretaro Benito Juarez (Tecolotes. Ejido Campeche), Ejido Monterrey (Colonia Bataquez) Ejido Tabasco Ejido San Luis Potosi Ejido Hermosillo Ejido Jiquilpan Ejido Colima 1 Ejido Quintana Roo Ejdo Tlaxcala Ejido Saltillo Ejido Vicente Guerrero Ejido Veracruz Dos Poblado Lazaro Cardenas La 28 (La Veintiocho) Ejido Patzcuaro Estacion Pescaderos (Km. 39) Guadalupe Victoria (Km-43) Islita Ciudad Morelos (Cuervos) Vicente Guerrero (Algodones) San Luis Rio Colorado#6Point Sources - Definition Classified as federal or state jurisdiction - - · Federal - 11 industrial sectors or location State - not federal jurisdiction Submit emissions data by Annual Operating Certificate (Cédula de Operación Annual – COA) No point sources (> 10 tons or more) identified in the 1999 Mexico NEI SLRC Municipal Office of Economic Development and Tourism identified 32 maquiladoras ERG 6#7Point Sources - Methodology 32 maquiladoras - 12 textile or clothing manufacturers - 20 clustered in Industrial Parque east of town - None in Mexicali portion of domain SLRC identified most significant 15 sources in Industrial Parque SLRC mailed out point source surveys to significant sources Follow-up by CESUES students ERG 7#8• Point Sources - Survey Results 8 responses - - - 1 facility not operating in 2005 Fuel combustion – stack test data (4) - Paint usage (4); VOC content (1) Reconciliation Diesel and LPG quantities subtracted from area source fuel combustion · Employment counts subtracted from industrial surface coating Stack Parameters (except coordinates) Operating Schedules ERG 8#9Point Sources - Results (tpy) Facility NO X SO 2 VOC CO PM 10 PM 2.5 Acero Ameri-mex 0.0 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 Demda Mexico 0.0 0.0 7.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 (Daewoo) G.P.I. Mexicana 0.1 <0.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Mecox Resources 0.0 0.0 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 Phoenix Textiles 19.7 0.0 0.0 10.4 0.0 0.0 SANA Internacional 4.2 12.5 0.0 27.5 <0.1 <0.1 TSE de Mexico 2.7 0.0 16.4 82.1 0.0 0.0 Total 26.7 12.5 32.9 120.3 <0.1 <0.1 SERG#10Area Sources - Definition Area source list based upon previous inventories - ADEQ Ambos Nogales - - ADEQ Douglas/Agua Prieta Mexico National Emissions Inventory Some General Groups - Solvents - Agricultural - Paved and unpaved road dust - Other ERG 10#11Area Sources - Solvents Mexico-specific emission factors from MNEI - - Architectural surface coating Industrial surface coating Autobody refinishing Graphic arts Adjustment of consumer solvents - - Aftermarket automotive adjustment factor of 0.116 Household cleaning products adjustment factor of 0.25 Dry cleaning - Interviews with 2 out of 5 dry cleaners, including largest one PEMEX gasoline stations ERG Gasoline quantities not provided, but station locations identified 11#12Area Sources - Agricultural Sources • SAGARPA - Contacts with SLRC only, unable to contact Mexicali Tilling and Harvesting - SAGARPA crop calendar ARB emission factors and acre-passes Pesticide Application - Typical application quantities from SAGARPA cost production estimates ⚫ Agricultural Burning - Limited to wheat fields - Occasionally government subsidies to not burn ERG 12#13ERG 13#14Area Sources - Paved/Unpaved Road Dust Sampling conducted in Yuma and SLRC - 10 paved samples each - - 10 unpaved samples each – Per AP-42 Appendix C.1 and C.2 Yuma - Collection by ERG SLRC - - Collection by Mexicali subcontractor – Analysis by Tijuana laboratory ERG 14#15LA FIRA ERG SAB EXPLOSION POLICIA SAN LUIS R.. 15#16Area Sources - Paved/Unpaved Road Dust Results Paved - SLRC – silt (0.78-3.80%); silt loading (0.09-0.65 g/m2) Yuma silt (5.5-28.9%); silt loading (0.13-225 g/m2) - Unpaved - - SLRC silt (0.34-1.85%); moisture (0.03-0.57%) Yuma silt (4.3-10.8%); moisture (0.2-0.8%) Emission Factors (average) SLRC paved - 0.004 lbs/VMT - Yuma paved - 0.059 lbs/VMT - SLRC unpaved - 0.134 lbs/VMT - Yuma unpaved - 1.125 lbs/VMT Yuma emission factors – order of magnitude higher SLRC dust - "sandy”, entrained plumes barely visible ERG 16#17Area Sources - Other Sources Charbroiling/Street Vendors - - Interviews at main charbroiling facility and smaller ones Minimal number of street vendors Border Crossings - SLRC and Andrade (NE tip of Mexicali) - Hourly vehicle counts and wait times from Customs and Border Protection - Emission factors from MOBILE6-Mexico ERG 17#18MARGONE POLLOS EL CORRETEADO POLLO ASADO ESTILO SINALOA#19Area Sources - Other Sources Brick Kilns - Two neighborhoods in SLRC and one in Algodones (NE tip of Mexicali) - Regulated in SLRC with burn schedules coordinated by city and brick kiln associations – Temporary kilns - Various fuels – Fuel and brick/burn quantities estimated through interviews ERG 19#20ERG T L 20 20#21ERG 21#22Empty#23Area Sources - Results Significant Sources - Agricultural burning - Mexicali (CO, NOx, PM2.5) - Unpaved and paved road dust (PM10) - Agricultural tilling and harvest - Mexicali (PM10) - Brick kilns (CO, PM2.5, HAPs) - Solvents (VOC) – Industrial residual combustion (SO2) ERG 23 25#24On-Road Motor Vehicles - Methodology VKT Estimates - - Travel demand model (TDM) ➤ Detailed for SLRC urban area ▸ Coarse for SLRC non-urban area and Mexicali portion of domain Link-level Methodology explained in 2003 conference paper (see Wolf, Fields, and González-Ayala) Emission Factors ERG MOBILE6-Mexico Link-level for a specific link-level congested speed 24#25Andrade POE MEX 2 San Luis POE ERG MEX 2 25#26San Luis POE#27ERG 0 10 Total Daily Flow 10000 5000 Detail of loaded roadway network for urban SLRC 25000 12500 6250 27#28On-Road Motor Vehicles - Results Significant Sources - - Heavy-duty diesel vehicles (NOx, SO2, PM10, and PM2.5) – Light-duty gas vehicles and trucks (VOC, CO, and HAPS) Mexicali emissions > SLRC emissions SLRC more population and vehicle trips, but more concentrated activity - Mexicali trip origins and destinations more disperse - ERG TDM performs best in urban areas; more uncertainty in rural areas 28#29Nonroad Mobile Sources - Definition Construction and agricultural nonroad equipment - Estimated using NONROAD-Mexico ⚫ Other nonroad equipment - Thought to be less significant; not in NONROAD- Mexico - not estimated Railroads and commercial marine vessels - Not present in domain – not estimated SLRC airport - Very infrequent general aviation – not estimated ERG - 29 29#30Non-Road Mobile Sources - Results Mexicali > SLRC (~ 1.6-2.2 times) Mexicali – Predominantly agricultural equipment (69-79%) SLRC - Predominantly construction equipment (75-84%) ERG 30#31SLRC and Mexicali NOx Emissions Mexicali Nonroad 23.0% Mexicali On-road 26.2% SLRC Point 0.7% SLRC Area 6.7% SLRC On-Road Mexicali Area 15.3% 14.4% SLRC Nonroad 13.7%#32SLRC and Mexicali CO Emissions SLRC Point Mexicali Nonroad 0.5% 2.1% SLRC Area 7.0% Mexicali On-road 23.2% Mexicali Area 53.1% SLRC On-Road 13.1% SLRC Nonroad 1.0%#33SLRC and Mexicali Total HAPS Mexicali On-road 14.7% Mexicali Area 32.2% Mexicali Nonroad 2.9% SLRC Point 0.4% SLRC Area 39.5% SLRC On-Road 8.9% SLRC Nonroad 1.3%#34Conclusions First-ever inventory for SLRC and rural Mexicali Local data supplemented with interpolation of national/state data ⚫ More rigorous data collection needed (e.g., interviews, brick kiln fuel use, etc.) Need to confirm assumptions (e.g., industrial residual, Mexicali rural, etc.) ERG 34#35Acknowledgements Randy Sedlacek, Gerardo Mayoral-Pena, Delfina Olivarez, and Juan Declet-Barreto - ADEQ Rodolfo Castro Ramos and Rodolfo Castro Miranda – ICAR Salvador González-Ayala – TransEngineering/ICRC - Santiago Meza Ojeda – SLRC Municipal Office of Economic Development and Tourism Katy Martinez – SLRC Office of Urban Development and Ecology Industrial engineering students from Centro de Estudios Superiores del Estado de Sonora (CESUES) ERG 35#36ERG For More Information Marty Wolf: [email protected] Gerry Mansell: [email protected] 36