#1ARIZONA STAte UniversiTY Trinidad & Tobago Violence Prevention Academy Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety ASU#2ARIZONA STAte UniversiTY Why Are We Here? Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety ASU#3ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY CARENAGE Cops call for back-up MURDER warfare claims 8 2004 2005 Kidnap scare in Las Lomas TEEN ESCAPES FAKE COPS Page 3 TOLL 94 133 KIDNAP VICTIM FOUND DEAD. KILLING FIELDS Laventille man Prisoner gunned down ELITE UNIT TO FIGHT MURDERS Key cops pulled from all divisions WHITE HALL FBI sets up Director of the Fedoralaru of Inve ROBERT MUELLER, right, and the ful Prime Minister PATRICK MANNING ve ne spoke to the media folowing aseeting PN at Whitehal, Port-u-pain. Muelle one-day it to TaT and docussed se of national security, including Linsey of a local Fusit, with Maming WRONG escapes UNITE UNITE AGAINST CK DRIVERS IN DANGER Crime ca S NEWS/5€ the healensemeshol the proplate of a US BUSINESSMAN nortage KILLS BANDITS Crime has touched us alguSINESS Missing fishermen found dead HIGH TENSION WIRE EA ON GEB JEEP COPS m Fice caped death stocked when sent several mis velts Though the senicle PBF MAN POLICE Dally Expre Sunday AGAINST CRIM 140 MURDER 2004 2005 TOLL 97 134 Postman days Jan1-May20 found dead Question: Has the crime situation changed your life? ECIOUS BERNARD, optical assistant at sight Vision, mps Fleurs. Where I live it is y ridiculous. ryone is afraid to utside. It has ed my life endously because I am a pregnant woman and I'm afraid to go outdoors at night (or do things) like going out with my boyfriend. I'll stay home and watch tele- vision. CHRISTIAN ROBERTS, 26, security guard at Ronie and Caro's cloth- ing store, Diego Martin. "I really had to stop liming on the blocks and stop going out as much, because the crime really affecting my life. I really had Just had to cut down on certain friends, stop liming with bad influ- ence and thing. Because the country ain't really getting bet- ter, it just getting worse. IGNACIO MARTIN, 84, retired seaman, Port of Spain. "The crime now. is not (like) in my days. We never have people walking around with gun and shooting people like that. This is a different time now. I don't go about drinking in the bars. I keep away from these districts that they have shooting. At night I keep indoors." Location: Port of Spa GEORGE "ROCKY" CLARKE, soca artiste. "People miscon strue that we as artistes make a mil- lion dollars. You find - yourself looking over your shoulder all the time. It's an uncom- fortable vibe. I pull up at my gate and a car pass behind me and I'm looking. You're really jumpy. You can't sleep (or you're) sleeping light. I don't even go out much again." PAGES 465 FREE INSIDE Tackling telecom Regenie Fraser focuses on liberalisation a boost Gang members snared in Carenage dragnet NEWS | 7 COP REARRESTED AS SHOT TEEN DIES / ANTI-CORRUPTION BUREAU QUIZZES PANDAY ZAP NEWS/3 Page 5#4ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Homicides 1988-2008 600 500 400 389 389 261 370 300 227 200 112 171 143 117 120 95 102 81 83 98 93 100 150 113 123 101 0 546 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety ASU#5ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY What is the conventional wisdom on what caused this epidemic increase in homicide? Poverty/the economy Parenting/family values • The educational system . Guns Drugs ⚫ Gangs Unemployment Relief Programme • Official corruption . Other problems in the criminal justice system ASU#6Firearms Homicides ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY 320 280 240 200 160 120 80 40 0 1988 1990 1992 Homicides by Weapon Type, 1988-2005 1994 Sharp Instruments 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 Year Blunt Instruments Other ASU#7ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY TTYS: School safety (%) 35.7 40 35 30 20 10 DECECEDE0 25 15 2.4 5 21.4 12.1 Didn't go to school b/c not safe-past 30 days Threatened/injured w/ weapon at school Don't feel safe at school ASU Taken handgun to school-12 mo. Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety#8ARIZONA STAte UniversiTY What Are We Doing About the Problem? Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety ASU#9ARIZONA STATE UniversiTY Characteristics of Traditional Responses to School Violence Schools are reactive to incidents - Driven by teacher referrals - Driven by public demands for change • Limited information from community Limited partnerships with police Limited information from students Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety ASU#10ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Traditional Responses, Cont. Leadership is focused on internal operations: - - Budget - Staffing - Parent complaints - Politics — - Policies and procedures Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety ASU#11ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY ● Traditions Responses: Cont. Staff follow orders - have little encouragement to be innovative in solving school problems Evaluations based on “incidents": Incidents - Detention - Suspensions Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety ASU#12ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Traditions Responses: Cont • Schools largely operate in silos • Schools have few external partnerships when it comes to violence Schools view themselves and are viewed as hierarchical Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety ASU#13ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Effectiveness of Traditional Responses • More severe discipline-ineffective. • More private security-ineffective. • Police on campus-ineffective. • Etcetera Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety ASU#14ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Rethinking Your Job • Herman Goldstein - a Problem Oriented • ● Approach to Violence. Responding to an incident is only the 1st step in a strategy Find permanent solutions to problems that lead to incidents Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety ASU#15ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Goldstein Theorized: Underlying conditions create problems Problems in turn lead to incidents Many incidents are reported to administration Incidents appear to be isolated Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety ASU#16ARIZONA STAte UniversiTY Trinidad & Tobago Violence Prevention Academy Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety ASU#17ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY TT VPA Faculty Charles M. Katz, Ph.D. - Arizona State University Vincent J. Webb, Ph.D. - Sam Houston State University Todd A. Armstrong, Ph.D. Sam Houston State University Edward R. Maguire, Ph.D. - American University Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety ASU#18ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY What is the TT VPA? Training program Develop school-based violence prevention plan Implement school-based violence prevention plan Evaluate school-based violence prevention plan Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety ASU#19ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Implementation of the Academy: Session #1 • Five days in classroom ⚫ 25 schools • Teams of up to 4 persons By the end of this session participants develop focus on the steps to develop a school violence prevention plan Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety ASU#20ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY • Session #1, Cont. Participants are exposed to crime trends in TT The role of the police & schools in school related crime and violence School-based violence prevention partnerships Violence prevention planning and problem solving processes The concept of evidence based violence prevention strategies and practices Resources for identifying effective programs & practices Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety ASU#21ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Session #2 • Problem identification process in practice Analysis of student survey data Analysis of teacher survey data Analysis of official school data • Problem diagnosis Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety ASU#22ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Session #2: Cont. Student develop a report that: - States the specific problem - Gives examples of the problem — Provides quantitative findings on the frequency of the problem - Sets tentative goals and objectives of their project Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety ASU#23ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Session #3 Implantation planning and response development • On site CEPTED field visits Report development - Describe response plan Describe dosage of implementation - Document activities carried out as a consequence of the response Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety ASU#24ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Session #4 • Further work on implementation planning • Class work on understanding assessment and ● evaluation Technical assistance Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety ASU#25ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Sessions 5-8 Session 5 (3 day visit): - Response in finalized and is implemented - Evaluation begins Session 6/7: – 1-2 person, 2 day site visit - - - - Provision of TA Process & impact evaluation follow up Session 7/8: Final case study to be completed Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety ASU#26ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY In Summary we are developing A school-based routine method for: - Identification of problems - Analysis of problems. — A response to problems - - An evaluation of effectiveness Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety ASU#27ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Preliminary Course Work Examples Student Survey • Teacher Survey Official School Data Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety ASU#28ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 20 10 0 Arson Guns Forgery Cocaine use Trespassing Nonstudent wearing sch. uniform Drug sales Bomb Threats Student Diagnostic Survey: National Findings Assault Sexual assault Cheating Robbery Marijuana use Inapp. sex contact bw students Weapon possession Unauthorized absence Threat & intimidation Perceived Issue as a Major Problem Taxing Gangs Improper uniform Vandalism Bullying Loitering Stealing Gambling Disruptive behavior Littering Arriving late Fighting Disrespect Obscene lang. ASU#29ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY 760 50 Student Diagnostic Survey: Select National Findings 48.5 49.4 50.7 52.5 53.9 55.1 40 30.4 32 34.6 35.2 36.8 37.8 42.9 43.3 30 20 10 0 Robbery Weapon possession Inapp. sex contact bw.. Threat & intimidation Taxing Gangs Vandalism Bullying Loitering Stealing Gambling Disruptive behavior Perceived Issue as a Major Problem Littering Fighting Disrespect 60.7 ASU#30ARIZONA STAte UniversiTY Student Perception of Gang Problem at One School in TT 60 50 40 30 32 20 10 0 Not a Problem Minor Problem Major Problem ASU#31ARIZONA STATE UniversITY 60 50 40 Perception of Gang Problem by Gender: Student survey 30 30 20 20 10 ■ Not a Problem ■Minor Problem ■Major Problem 0 Male Female ASU#32ARIZONA STATE UniversiTY Perception of Gang Problem by Ethnicity: student survey 80 70 60 50 40 30 ■ Not a Problem ■Minor Problem ■Major Problem 20 10 0 African East Indian Afro/Indian Other ASU#33ARIZONA STAte UniversiTY Teacher Survey Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety ASU#34ARIZONA STAte UniversitY Teacher Victimization (all schools) 45.60% 50.00% 45.00% 40.00% 35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% 5.80% Damage <$60 Damage than $60 9.60% Theft less than $60 5.10% Theft more than $60 4.90% 1.20% Attacked (doctor) Attacked (no doctor) 7.30% Obscene remarks or gestures Threatened 26.90% Weapon pulled 1.80% ASU#35ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Perceptions of Safety (all schools) 4 3.5 53 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Classroom/teaching Empty classrooms Hallways and locker areas The cafeteria Student toilets The gym Parking lot Hall/Auditorium Elsewhere outside ASU#36ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY . Discovering Temporal Patterns At least some kind of data submitted for 3,945 incidents Time data submitted for 1,668 incidents of incidents) (42.3% No time data submitted for 2,277 incidents (57.7% of incidents)! Serious data issues present for incidents in which times were provided We found this to be the case with all data elements ASU#37ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Time Data Issues • 612 of the time entries were useable in their original format. 1,009 of the time entries needed to be reformatted before they could be analyzed. 47 of the time entries were unable to be processed because they did not represent valid times It took 105 lines of computer code to process the time data. ASU#38ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Summary of Time Data 70% 57.7% 60% 50% 40% 25.6% 30% 15.5% 20% 10% 1.2% 0% Time not provided Time formatted incorrectly Time useable Time unuseable ASU#39ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Examples of Weak Time Entries "After school" "Period 3" "12 & 12:40 pm" "12 noon" "11:-24:-59 AM" "09;30am" "9am" "8.2" ASU#40100- 80- All Disciplinary Incidents (n = 1,621 / 3,945) -09 40- 20- 4:00 pm 3:30 pm 3:00 pm 2:30 pm 2:00 pm 1:30 pm 1:00 pm 12:30 pm 12:00 pm 11:30 am 11:00 am 10:30 am 10:00 am 9:30 pm 9:00 am 8:30 am 8:00 am 7:30 am 7:00 am#410- 5- 10- 15- 7:00 am 8:15 am 20- 25- 25 8:45 am 9:15 am 9:45 am 10:15 am 10:45 am 11:15 am 11:45 am 12:15 pm 12:45 pm 1:15 pm 1:45 pm Time of Day Fights by = u) = 226 / 580) 2:15 pm 2:45 pm 3:15 pm 5:15 pm#4215- 10- 5- 0- Assaults by Time of Day (n = 143/306) 2:45 pm 2:30 pm 2:15 pm 2:00 pm 1:45 pm 1:30 pm 1:15 pm 1:00 pm 12:45 pm 12:30 pm -12:15 pm 12:00 pm 11:45 am 11:30 am 11:15 am 11:00 am 10:45 am 10:30 am 10:15 am 10:00 am 9:45 am 9:30 am 9:15 am 9:00 am 8:30 am 8:15 am 8:00 am 7:30 am#435- 7:00 am 8:00 am 10- 15- 20- 20 8:15 am 8:30 am 8:45 am 9:00 am 9:15 am 9:30 am 9:45 am 10:00 am 10:15 am 10:30 am 10:45 am 11:00 am 11:15 am 11:30 am 11:45 am 12:00 pm 12:15 pm 12:30 pm 12:45 pm 1:00 pm 1:15 pm 1:30 pm 1:45 pm 2:00 pm 2:15 pm 2:30 pm (n = 234 / 493) by Time of Day Disrespect Incidents#44ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Repeat Offender Analysis: Example of TT School Total students 875 104 incidents 69 students written up • 51 students written up once 12 students were written up two times • 2 students written up three times 3 students written up four times 1 student written up five times ASU#45ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Repeat Offender Analysis, Cont. • 18 students responsible for 47 incidents ⚫ or 18 students responsible for 45% of incidents in school ⚫ or 2% of students responsible for 45% of school problems ASU#46ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Profile of A.C.: 5 incidents A.C. is a form 3, African, 14 year old, male. Assault- threw object striking teacher-7 day suspension Gross disrespect-parents called Scratch bomb-firecracker, 7 day suspension Selling scratch bomb & provoking a teacher- tramatised teacher-2 day suspension Threat-stole something from a student and threw it out the window-2 day suspension ASU#47ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY Repeat Victimization-Example of TT school 91 (14%) (out of 650 students) were victimized last year • 73 students were victimized 1 time 10 students were victimized 2 times • 7 students were victimized 3 times 1 student was victimized 5 times So 18 (2.7%) students were responsible for 51% of victimizations ASU#48ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY • • Profile: Student K.P. K.P. a 13 year old male victimized 5 times Victimizations occurred out of school, in a hallway, and in a classroom Victimized by 5 different offenders ranging in age from 12 to 15 years Incidents include Physical threats-Verbal Threats; Robbery of cell phone; Fighting & Taxing & Robbery: Physical Assault Fighting One victimization resulted in an injury, no weapons involved ASU