Espirito Santo Oil & Natural Gas Yearbook 2021
CHAPTER 1 | INTERNATIONAL SCENARIO
Chapter 1
INTERNATIONAL
SCENARIO
Society's restlessness with the
future mostly consists of dam-
ages caused by the increase of
the planet's temperature and
the consequences of climate
change. The main global leaders
are negotiating new goals and in-
ternational agreements focused
on reducing the causes that
cause global warming.
The energy sector is at the core
of these discussions, provided
it is responsible for a significant
portion of carbon dioxide emis-
sions into the atmosphere. The
efforts toward reducing emis-
sions have led to an energy tran-
sition from the current fossil fu-
el-intensive energy matrix to a
low or zero-carbon emitting one,
in the whole planet.
In this scenario, the sources of
renewable energy became the
backbone of the energy transition
movement, for meeting the role
of generating clean energy. Fossil
fuels play a relevant part in pro-
viding energy security in the tran-
sition period. It is incumbent on
large companies in the industry, in
their turn, the commitment already
assumed by them to intensify the
reduction of carbon emissions
throughout the value chain.
H
1.1 Global energy consumption
In 2020, the global consumption
of primary energy was 557 exa-
joules, 4.3% lower than was re-
corded in the previous year. The
drop was caused by the retrac-
tion of global economic activity
caused mostly by the outburst of
the new Coronavirus pandemic in
March of that year.
Global energy consumption is
concentrated within a group of ten
countries (chart 1) which togeth-
er account for 66.9% of the total
energy consumed in the world.
China and the United States alone
represent 41.9% of the total ener-
gy consumed worldwide.
China's energy matrix is made
up of the following sources: coal
(56.6%), oil (19.6%), natural gas
(8.2%), hydropower (8.1%), renew-
able energy (5.4 %), and nuclear
energy (2.2%). The energy ma-
trix of the United States is com-
posed of the following sources: oil
(37.1%), natural gas (34.1%), coal
(10.5%), nuclear energy (8.4%), re-
newable energy (7.0%), and hydro-
electric (2.9%).
In the last twenty years, the con-
sumption of primary energy in
the world had an average annual
growth of 1.7%. The highlight for
the period was the increase in the
share of renewable energy sourc-
es in the energy matrix. In 2000,
renewable sources accounted
for 0.7% and in 2020 they rose to
an 8.0% share of the total energy
consumed in the world (chart 2).
The growth in consumption of
these sources was present in re-
gions with greater participation in
the total consumption of primary
energy, especially China and the
United States.
66.9%
of global energy consump-
tion is concentrated in a
group of ten countries
41.9%
of the energy consumed in
the world is concentrated in
China and the United States
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