#1Making our cities Water sensitive 27th May 2020 CSE - HUDD Dialogue cum Consultation Workshop CSE#2BASIC WATER FACTS (INDIA) BCM: billion cubic metres India has 18% of the world's population ..but it has only 4% of the world's water resources Average annual water availability in India 1,869 BCM ..but average annual potential of 'utilisable quantity of water 1,123 BCM Surface water 690 BCM Ground water 433 BCM ANNUAL PER CAPITA AVAILABILITY OF WATER.. (In cubic metre) 6,042 1,816 1,545 1,340 1,140 India's Water Challenges 600 million people in India 70% of India's water face high-to-extreme water crisis is contaminated 1947 2001 2011 2025 (Source: Ministry of Water Resources) (1 cubic metre 2050 1,000 litres) Annual 433 BCM natural 433 BCM | Annual replenishable ground water resources discharge Net annual ground 35 BCM water availability { 23 BCM 222 BCM for irrigation for domestic & industrial use 40% Indians will have no access to drinking water by 2030 21 cities will run out of groundwater by 2020 Source: Composite Water Management Index, NITI Aayog NOTV.Com Today not even a single Indian city has 24 X 7 water supply#3SPECIAL WATER DAY DRAWING TO A CLOSE Groundwater level has dipped in almost all parts of India, with the maximum depletion observed in and around Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, Gujarat, Telangana, and Maharashtra. This has resulted in widespread groundwater contamination. With drought becoming frequent, farmers are now forced to spend more on deep borewells, thus getting caught in a debt trap Jammu & Kashmir 1-2 DROUGHT Occurrences in 16 years (2000-2015) 27 0 GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION (% of total districts in the state) ron XX Fluoride xx xx Nitrate Arsenic xx xx Iron Fluoride Salinity Nitrate Arsenic 32 36 0 12,200 Punjab 1-2 Fluoride Salinity Nitrate Arsenic 82 95 0 Groundwater level change (m) Decadal mean pre-monsoon (2007-16) v pre-monsoon 2017 RISE FALL 1,19,500 59 59 0 0 Major aquifers DEBTS Approximate average amount of outstanding loan per agricultural household Indo Gangetic Basin aquifers Indian cratonic (volcanic and crystalline) aquifers Himalayan crystalline aquifers Other unconsolidated aquifers Other semi-consolidated aquifers Assam 1-2 <2 <2 4 <2 Himachal Pradesh 3-4 Bihar 5-6 525 S Fluoride Salinity Nitrate Arsenic 0 17 0 Iron Fluoride Salinity Nitrate Arsenic 63 26 Iron 18 11 Fluoride Salinity 16,300 Nitrate Jharkhand 7-8 28,000 Uttarakhand 5-6 Iron Fluoride Salinity Nitrate Arsenic 88 54 0 50 S 15 15 0 8 0 5,700 Sikkim 20 Haryana 1-2 trom Fluoride Salinity Nitrate Arsenic 59 14 279,000 Rajasthan 35,600 Uttar Pradesh fron Fluoride Salinity Nitrate Arsenic 44 16 9 11-12 94 0 Iron Fluoride Salinity Nitrate Arsenic 45 94 270,500 Gujarat 3-4 Iron Fluoride Salinity Nitrate Arsenic 56 82 238,100 18 100 0 Maharashtra 9-10 Iron Fluoride Salinity Nitrate Arsenic 41 47 0 50 0 254,700 Karnataka 11-12 Fluoride Salinity Nitrate Arsenic 93 93 97,200 10 90 27 5-6 44 52 227,300 Odisha 5-6 tron Fluoride Salinity Nitrate Arsenic 100 53 33 28,200 Chhattisgarh 3-4 Fluoride Salinity Nitrate Arsenic 81 63 10,200 7-8 41 7 Arsenic 3,400 22029 fron Fluoride Salinity Nitrate Arsenic Arunachal Pradesh 0 Iron Fluoride 14 Salinity O Nitrate Arsenic 5,400 10 Iron Fluoride Salinity Nitrate Arsenic 25 0 00 9,900 Tripura 0 Iron Fluoride Salinity Nitrate Arsenic 13 0 100 13 5,000 Meghalaya 0 Iron Fluoride Salinity Nitrate Arsenic ° ° Ο Nagaland 3 1-2 00 Fluoride 18 Salinity Nitrate 45 Arsenic 600 60000 1,400 Manipur 1-2 West Bengal Iron 1-2 Fluoride O Salinity Iron Fluoride Salinity Nitrate Arsenic Nitrate 71 18 0 14 Arsenic 17,800 Mizoram 0 0 0 0 6,100 Groundwater depletion in India 1995-2019 All over country the overexploitation of GW is recorded Cities-extracting GW at 20 feets are now extracting water from 250- 300 feet b.g.l. well, where did our groundwater go? Kerala 3-4 Fluoride Salinity Nitrate Arsenic 93 93 57 at Arsenic 2,13,600 Tamil Nadu 3-4 tron Fluoride Salinity Nitrate Arsenic 48 32 23 0 1,15,900 Andhra Pradesh 11-12 tron Fluoride Salinity Nitrate Arsenic 46 69 15 31 S 1,23,400 Madhya Pradesh Ion Fluoride Salinity Nitrate Arsenic 47 53 32,100 Telangana 1-2 14 33 4 tron Fluoride Salinity Nitrate Arsenic 13 50 93,500 17 7 Iron Fluoride Salinity Nitrate Arsenic 00 2,900 Prepared by DTE/CSE Data Centre Infographics: Raj Kumar Singh Data sources: Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Central Ground Water Board and National Sample Survey Office For more infographics visit: www.downtoearth.org.in/infographics ?#4Groundwater table in cities of Odisha GW Table (m. b g l) Groundwater level fluctuation map (April, 2016) ROURKELA City Pre Post GW as major source of water W + SUNDARGARH MAYURBHANJ Bhubaneshwar 2-13 2-11 22% from GW JHARSUGUDA SAMBALPUR KENDUJHAR BALESHWAR DEBAGARH Cuttack 2-8 0.5-6 Yes KALINGA BARGARH ANUGUL ANGUL NAGAR Puri 5 Yes BHADRAK SONAPUR DHENKANAL BALANGIR BAUDH Rourkela 3.7 Yes CUTTACK END PARADEEP BHUBANESWAR Sambalpur 2 - 10 0-5 12% from GW KANDHAMAL OJAGATSINGHAPUR KHORDH PURI Berhampur Upto 13 Upto 11 Angul Paradeep 2-12 1-9 16% from GW Yes KALAHANDI Legend NABARANGAPUR RAYAGADA GANJAM BERHAMPUR OGAJAPATI 0-5 0-4 No Selected Cities more than 4m fall 2-4m fall KORAPUT Source(s): Groundwater Information Booklets for Cuttack, Ganjam, Jagatsinghpur, Sambalpur Districts CSP for Puri CDP for Pure • AMRUT Information sheet for Cuttack, Rourkela, Bhubaneshwar MALKANGIRI | 1 0-2m fall 0-2m rise 2-4m rise 0 50 100+ more than 4m rise#5FUKING BANKING Water scenario BANKIN BAN rive stre WATER TANKER The dilemma of our cities.... Water is everywhere.. but it is no where. Bhubaneswar Cuttack#6Land Use Transformation: Bhubaneswar Legend + MAINROADS NH5 RAILWAY_LINE WARDBOUNDARY BBSR BUILTUP 1956 BUILTUP 1968 RIVER OUTERPLANNINGZONE 1,250 65, 15(K) 13,000 19,500 Meters 26,000 3,250 6,500 Urban sprawl, 1956 Logond MAINROADS NH5 RAILWAY LINE WARDBOUNDARY BBSR BUILTUP 1974 BUILTUP1981 RIVER OUTERPLANNINGZONE 13,000 19,500 Urban sprawl, 1981 Legend MAINROADS NH5 RAILWAY LINE WARDBOUNDARY_BBSR BUILTUP1997 BUILTUP2000 RIVER OUTERPLANNINGZONE Moter Meters 26,000 3,250 6,500 13,000 19,500 26,000 Urban sprawl, 2000 Source: Mishra, M., Mishra, K.K., Subudhi, A.P., Phil, M. and Cuttack, O., 2006. Urban sprawl mapping and land use change analysis using remote sensing and GIS.#7Natural Catchment Natural catchment Slow surface water runoff, infiltration into the ground Evapotranspiration from vegetation and surface water Groundwater recharge Rapid surface water runoff, limited infiltration into the ground Reduced evapotranspiration from vegetation and surface water Urban catchment Reduced evapotranspiration from Urban catchment vegetation and surface water Rapid surface water runoff, limited infiltration into the ground Reduced groundwater recharge Ickle, S., McKay, G., lons, L. and Shaffer, P., 2010. Planning for SUDS-making it happen. CIRIA Publication C Urban development can be planned and executed so as to lower the hydrological impact of urbanization by using current. opportunities to increase the carrying capacity of the area in terms of improved water management#8Change in Urban Water Balance The Natural versus Urban Water Balance: Precipitation = Evapotranspiration + Runoff + Recharge (interflow & deep ground water) The Water Balance changes when natural vegetated cover is replaced by suburban development. The actual percentages will vary from region to region, but the relationships are universal. 40% evapotranspiration 10% runoff 50% infiltration 35% evapotranspiration 30% runoff Natural Rainforest 0% impermeable 35% infiltration Natural rainforest Flooding in urban environment Residential 30%-50% impermeable Residential development 20% evapotranspiration 75% runoff 5% infiltration Commercial 70%-100% impermeable Commercial development#9Water Scenario in India The conventional way: Bring water into the city - storage, diversion, pipe, pump, treat - from further and further away. Flush and carry the waste out of the city - pipe, pump, divert, treat - further and further away.#10Water > Shortage, or mismanagement? Rain is decentralised. So is the demand for water. Why can't we decentralise supply? Catch water where it falls Community role destroyed Heavy dependence on surface-ground water Lost: Rich hydrological traditions Water is about life. It is about health. It is about livelihoods. It is about wealth. Water has to be everybody's business#11Water sensitive approach Water demand and supply- Water Conservation Rainfall and runoff- Rain Water Sensitive Wastewater reuse and recycle- pollution red Urban Design and Planning (WSUD&P) Flood mitigation - SWM green infrastructure water harvesting Localised Water resource management • Protecting local water bodies (lakes, ponds and wetlands) for supplementary water sources ● Storm-water management at public places, including open areas in cities • Increasing water-conservation approaches at various scales (buildings/campus). On-site water conservation with rainwater harvesting (RWH) is important to reduce water scarcity.#12Concept of water sensitive city: Embed Within Social and service delivery Cumulative Socio-Political Drivers Water supply access & security Water Supply City Public health protection Flood protection Social amenity, environmental protection Limits on natural resources Intergenerational equity, resilience to climate change Sewered City Drained City Waterway City Water Cycle City Water Sensitive City Supply hydraulics Separate sewerage schemes Drainage, channelisation Point & diffuse source pollution management Diverse, fit-for- purpose sources & conservation, promoting waterway protection Adaptive, multi- functional infrastructure & urban design reinforcing water sensitive behaviours WHAT? Service Delivery Functions Source: Wong and Brown, 11th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, 2008#13CSE Water Research: State of India's 4 ENVIRONMENT A CITIZENS REPORT DYING WISDOM Rise, fall and potential of MAKING WATER EVERYBODY'S BUSINESS PRACTICE AND POLICY OF WATER HARVESTING Edited by Anil Agarwal, Sunita Marain and Indira Khurana India's traditional water harvesting systems Edited by Anil Agarwal Sunita Narain CENTRE FOR SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT Centre for Science and Environment PP CAPTURING RAINWATER A way to augment Chandiget's wo GREE INFRASTRUCTU A PRACTITIONER'S CHINE ЕВ WATER EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATION Urban Rainwater Harvesting Case studies from different POLICY PAPER MAINSTREAMING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN URBAN WATER AND WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN THE WAKE OF CLIMATE CHANCE WATER- SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN AND PLANNING A Practitioner's Guide SEPTAGE MANAGEMENT A Practitioner's Guide Rainwater Harvesting In Noida CATCH WATER WHERE IT FALLS linvent cycle RE Rating System for Water Efficient Fixtures Decentralised Wastewater Treatment and Reuse DYING WISDOM MAKING WATER EVERYBODY'S BUSINESS PRACTICE AND POLICY OF WATER HARVESTING EXCRETA MATTERS CHURNING STILL WATER#14ie urban o ble urt ater harves Wastewater rec Rainwater harvesting Ter er Wastewaban d e urban ainov cycle Rainwater Sustain Sustain and reuse Rain harvesting urb arvesting WATER- harvesting recycyco drainage recycle and SENSITIVE Wastewater Sustainable harve ecycle and Building a Community of Practice: Rainwater, Technology & Sustainable Water Management in City Rainwate ater recycle ginable urban Su Wasi Wastewater recycle an Sustainable- Rainwater harvest sting URBAN DESIGN AND PLANNING Rainwater Wastewate Wastewater Wastewater Inwater harvesse water recycle and Sustainable and re cuse Wastewater ustid A Pra Guide and re Wastewater recycle water reble er harve Wast ainable urban drainage W Rainwater harvestin arve able wa Rain Susta Sustaina nageR esting Sus urban er harvesting Wastewa Wastewater recycle stainable and r ainwater urban dr Sustainable Wastewater rec inwate Rainwater er recycles urban d urban water ble urban's harvest hary Centre for Science and Environment Ministry of Urban stainable urban c Development naguseSu nd r thle Sustai Vastewat CSE pushing to get different approach in water-waste management - Decentralized, cost- effective technologies Need capacity in society - training of 1 real users and implementers Need strategies to experiment / practice and scale-up GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE A PRACTITIONER'S GUIDE Centre for Ministry of Science and Housing and Environment Urban Affairs https://youtu.be/xjCAyKY6fJg, https://youtu.be/NHTUC-Xs3uw#15CSE Research: The water-sewage connection State of India's 4 ENVIRONMENT A CITIZENS REPORT DYING WISDOM Rise, fall and potential of MAKING WATER EVERYBODY'S BUSINESS PRACTICE AND POLICY OF WATER HARVESTING Edited by Anil Agarwal, Sunita Marain and Indira Khurana India's traditional water harvesting systems Edited by Anil Agarwal Sunita Narain CENTRE FOR SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT Centre for Science and Environment PP CAPTURING RAINWATER A way to augment Chandiget's wo GREE INFRASTRUCTU A PRACTITIONER'S CHINE HB WATER EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATION Urban Rainwater Harvesting Case studies from different POLICY PAPER MAINSTREAMING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN URBAN WATER AND WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN THE WAKE OF CLIMATE CHANCE WATER- SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN AND PLANNING A Practitioner's Guide SEPTAGE MANAGEMENT A Practitioner's Guide Rainwater Harvesting In Noida CATCH WATER WHERE IT FALLS linvent cycle RE Rating System for Water Efficient Fixtures Decentralised Wastewater Treatment and Reuse DYING WISDOM MAKING WATER EVERYBODY'S BUSINESS PRACTICE AND POLICY OF WATER HARVESTING EXCRETA MATTERS CHURNING STILL WATER#16CSE Research: The water-sewage connection State of India's 4 ENVIRONMENT A CITIZENS REPORT DYING WISDOM Rise, fall and potential of MAKING WATER EVERYBODY'S BUSINESS PRACTICE AND POLICY OF WATER HARVESTING Edited by Anil Agarwal, Sunita Marain and Indira Khurana India's traditional water harvesting systems Edited by Anil Agarwal Sunita Narain CENTRE FOR SCIENCE AND ENVIRONMENT Centre for Science and Environment PP CAPTURING RAINWATER A way to augment Chandiget's wo GREE INFRASTRUCTU A PRACTITIONER'S CHINE HB WATER EFFICIENCY AND CONSERVATION Urban Rainwater Harvesting Case studies from different POLICY PAPER MAINSTREAMING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN URBAN WATER AND WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT IN THE WAKE OF CLIMATE CHANCE WATER- SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN AND PLANNING A Practitioner's Guide SEPTAGE MANAGEMENT A Practitioner's Guide Rainwater Harvesting In Noida CATCH WATER WHERE IT FALLS linvent cycle RE Rating System for Water Efficient Fixtures Decentralised Wastewater Treatment and Reuse DYING WISDOM MAKING WATER EVERYBODY'S BUSINESS PRACTICE AND POLICY OF WATER HARVESTING EXCRETA MATTERS CHURNING STILL WATER#17• Zone 1 To Debi Chape To " Zone 2 TTTO Zone 4 TT 219 25 10124 Ch 00 Swine M ** 41 Zone 6 SArpe 100 11 134 10% 132 Wenke 9 BR TO PAZ DEB Zone 3 To overcome the inadequacy of surface water to meet our demands. To arrest decline in ground water levels Zone 5 440 431.25 400 360 Source of existing water supply River Ganga 48 MLD (20%) Source of proposed water supply River Ganga 330 MLD (56%) 320 Water demand (MLD) 280 320.5 Groundwater 240 214.46 192 MLD (80%) Groundwater 260 MLD (44%) 200 160 116.26 120 80 110.75 98.2 21.9 40 .6.04 15.86 0.03 ° Residential Industrial/institutional/commercial Recreational Agricultural Existing water demand (2010) Balance water demand for 2031 Text-Total value of water demand as per Noida Master Plan 2031 Water use norms: Residential-172.5 LPCD, industrial/institutional/commercial-45 KL/day/ha, Recreational-9 KL/day/ha, agricultural-0.07 KL/day/ha Sour Comparison of water demand in Noida (2010–30) Scale: NORTH Rivers District Boundary State Boundary Villages Recharge for Basn Recharge through Injection Recharge trench with Injection Recharge Park-type shaft with recharge bora wall Filter strip Swale Bio-retention Filter drains area and trenches Detention basin Infiltration basin Porous pavement structure urban mega- structures well wol spreading recharge Need for RWH supported by Noida case example RWH potential of Noida is about 27.73 million cubic metres (MCM) (i.e. 27,730 ml), which can meet 26.63 per cent of Noida's water demand annually.#18Identified areas in Chandigarh and Noida for RWH planning 15 recharge wells or 14 recharge trenches 800m ppp 20 recharge wells or 18 recharge trenches 1200 m Distance between 2 structures = 50 m Recharge trench with desilting chamber Recharge well with desilting chamber Delhi Residential Commercial Industrial Yamuna River Ghaziabad Residence Faridabad Planning for recharge structures in sector 20, Chandigarh Green areas Transportation Public & Semi-public Land use plan 2031 Green area Unpaved area Bisrakh Greater Noida Hindon River તો છે. Sector 63 Coordinates: 28.618834, 77.384661 Areas (sq.km) Total industrial area: 5.53 Total green area: 0.61 Total unpaved area: 0.88 Total built up and paved/ road area: 4.04 Sector 80 Coordinates: 28.544316, 77.407777 Areas (sq.km) Total inductrial area: 6.45 Total green area: 0.658 Total unpaved area: 0.55 Total built up and paved road area:5.24 Identified residential areas in Noida for RWH planning#19How much storm water can we harvest? Example: Chennai Area = 1 Ha (10,000 m²) Annual rainfall = 1400 mm = 1,40,00,000 (14 Million litres) Even if we assume only 50 % of the rainfall can be harvested, about 7 million litres of water can be harvested Recharge grea NH-5 BHUBANESWARA Tamand OUR 90 Chennai 7 million litres 50% Rainwater harvesting atur 1 hectare 1 hectare Annual rainfall = 1500 mm Harvested water = 7.5 Million litres *Based on similar calculations as above#20Scope of interventions as per existing provisions The residential cluster, which occupies the largest share of land use in city and towns, contains building rooftops, sidewalks, paved parking spaces, pervious areas that could be a garden or just open land and accessible roads. Metropolitan cities and megapolis Small towns Medium towns Large cities 20% 15% 35% 10% 17% 9% 12% 45% 18% 12% 4% 14% 12% 6% 8% 2% Residential Commercial Industrial Public and semi public Recreational 10% 3% 8% 9% 12% 40% 18% 35% 12% 10% 4% Transport and communication Agriculture and water bodies Land-use pattern for different urban centres of India Public and semi-public 71% 29% Commercial 70% 30% Residential Average ratio of built-up to open area 71% 29% Average built up area Average open area Ratio of built-up to open area in different land uses 76% 24% The average Built up area range for a city/urban area is 21-26% while for open space, it is 74 - 79 %. The standards and guidelines provide enough open area to design the SUDS structures#21Stromwater and green spaces provision under AMRUT and Smart City mission AMRUT: Thrust areas under mission • Storm Water Drainage: Construction and improvement of drains and storm water drains in order to reduce and eliminate flooding. • Enhancing amenity value of cities by creating and upgrading green spaces, parks and recreation centers, especially for children. Smart city Mission: Smart City Proposal (SCP) Adequate water supply including waste water recycling and storm water reuse • Rain water harvesting • Innovative use of open spaces#22Scope of interventions as per existing provisions and scales Scale City: open spaces- parks and water bodies, Road Infrastructure Zone level (Planning and designing stage) Site level (Designing stage) Existing documents/provisions -Master Plans (20 years) -City development plan (5 years) -City Sanitation Plan -Zonal Plan Opportunities Water bodies, parks, recreational areas, green areas, public, and transport. Proposed location for BMPs Planning stage -Storm water management including water bodies -Urban local bodies (ULB) schemes and sanitation schemes -Detailed project reports (DPRs) for Water Supply, Storm water Drainage Site plan- Guided by byelaws The location of parking lots, roads, parks, open space blocks and storm water management facilities defined in planning documents can be used for environmental services through WSUDP measures. Establishing a template for the more detailed resolution of the design of water sensitive facilities. Site-specific opportunities are identified to integrate water conservation and onsite water sensitive facilities into all of the components of a development including water efficient fittings, sustainable landscaping, Rainwater harvesting#23WSUDP APPROACH ON DIFFERENT SCALES 1 WATER-SENSITIVE PLANNING (CITY/ZONAL SCALE) Minimise sewage discharge to the natural environment Decentralized wastewater treatment system for reuse Minimize the use of hard engineerd structures Reduce pressure on infrastructure and flood risk by using water on a strategic scale 2 WATER-SENSITIVE DESIGNING (NEIGHBOURHOOD SCALE) -Green roofs Protect existing natural features and ecological processes Maintain the natural hydrological behaviour of catchments Integrate water to landscape to enhance visual, social, cultural and ecological values Allow surface runoff to infiltrate Rainwater harvesting: Rainwater collection from roofs in front raingarden Lengthening flow paths: Diverting the drainage flow to bigger areas and open swales Reduce/minimize imperviousness, preserve more trees and make permeable paving within residential streets -Buffer treatment zone for pollution abatement of water body WATER-SENSITIVE DESIGNING (INDIVIDUAL SCALE) 3° -Greywater reuse Green roofs: Reduces runoff from roof D Rainwater harvesting: Harvests runoff from roofs and provides stored water source on dry days for the gardening Reduce flooding at the downstream end of catchment area Raingarden Water efficient fixtures and appliances Adapted from: Morgan, C., Bavington, C., Levin, D., Robinson, P., Davis, P., Abbott, J. and Sinking, P., 2013. Water sensitive urban design in the UK. Ideas for buiteironment proditioners. CIRIA report C, 723; Dickie, S., McKay, G., lons, L and Shaffer, P., 2010. Planning for SDS-making happen. ORIA Publication C, 687 Xeriscape: Use of native plants for landscaping#24Scales of intervention Conveyance Control - to detain the large events of rainfall at neighborhood level Discharge Control For conveying the extreme rainfall events at the watershed Source Control Source Control: To retain the small frequent rainfall events at the individual lot level. Discharge to watercourse or groundwater Mainly on private properties Green roofs Storage, recharge Soak ways Permeable pavements Site Control Discharge to watercourse or groundwater Mainly within road I reserves Sand filters Filter strips ! Infiltration trenches Swales Regional level. Control Discharge to watercourse or I groundwater ¡Mainly in public open spaces I Lake catchment, river floodplain, I Large wetlands I Bio filters/bio-retention cells#25Integrating different stormwater harvesting and infiltration management practices options Reduce volume and rate of runoff Native trees- Swale Reduce runoff Allow infiltration Porous paving Porous paying 不 2 , Highly Pervious Soils Existing Ground Filter strips Infiltration System Swales Under drain system Bioretention areas and raingardens Clean sand/gravel mix Filter strip Detention basins#26Bio-retention example CATCH BASIN Rain-garden/ Bio-retention area are planted areas in the sidewalk that collect and manage stormwater that runs off the streets and sidewalks when it rains. They look similar to standard street tree pits, but have a unique function. EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 1. An inlet in the curb directs runoff into the planted swale. STORMWATER RUNOFF OVERFLOW 3. If the bioswale fills to capacity, an outlet allows overflow to flow downstream to the existing catch basin. 2' ENGINEERED SOIL STONE GABION OPEN GRADED STONE BED 2. The stormwater feeds the plant life and infiltrates into the layers of engineered soil and broken stone.#27Rain Garden example Soil Consideration Work best when made in soils with high permeability (e.g.: sandy soils) • Holds the rainwater Prevents soil erosion • Checks the run off speed Specifications: o The garden should be dug 100-150 mm deep with a slight depression in the center. o The dug out soil will be used to create a berm along one side of the rain garden which will allow water to be retained during a storm. o To soil can be replaced with rain garden mix (50-60% sand, 20-30% topsoil, 20-30% compost), o Size: 20-30% of the catchment area Helps in ground water recharge#28Meteorological data required METEOROLOGICA L DATA Annual Rainfall (Avg. of 25 yrs) Rainfall Distribution Peak Rainfall Intensity Spatial information: Weather stations per KM DETERMINES Potential of RWH 80 Option Selection 90 90 ذ. 80 60 70 08 100 1001 106 06 100+ 25 Years frequency: 1 hour rainfall (mm) 140#29Rainfall (mm) Bhubaneshwar 500 400 300 200 100 0 Rainfall patterns analysis 90% of annual rainfall falls in 4 months City Name JAN 0 4 27 28 26 67 FEB MAR APR MAY JUN 389 317 209 JUL Annual rainfall (mm): 1492 241 127 48 9 AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Berhampur 450 400 Annual rainfall (mm): 1392 394 Rainfall (mm) 330 350 300 250 233 194 200 150 93 100 50 14 8 26 12 79 7 2 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 85% of annual rainfall falls in 5 months 86% of annual rainfall falls in 5 months 83% of annual rainfall falls in 4 months 88% of annual rainfall falls in 4 months Rainfall (mm) Rainfall (mm) Rainfall (mm) 500 400 Sambalpur Annual rainfall (mm): 1628 600 488 470 300 274 232 200 100 6 22 27 12 20 67 7 3 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Cuttack 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 74 50 28 25 30 11 0 Annual rainfall (mm): 1515 346 336 256 207 163 34 5 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Rourkela Annual rainfall (mm): 1448 416 419 500 400 300 221 218 200 100 40 13 20 19 15 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP 56 8 3 OCT NOV DEC#30City's spatial data required City fabric Land covered by green spaces Area reserved/status of waterbodies Percentage of low-lying area Gang Gangua Khurda Barne Jatani Kakhadi Mundali Драма Munda O (Matu plisu Taidanda Caca 16 16 River Jagatpur Mahanadi River 16 Urali Ang Best Waskhe harpar Old Bhusan Cangna nale Ba Bahugri Nimeisapur 12 Bamburi Sankataras Phulnakhara Korkara Gohal Gababasta 16 Cuttack landuse plan Banki Tulasipur Kuspangi Karabara Dompada Bagheitangi namari 57 Taratua Nijigarh Tapang 16 Nimeisapur Urali (12) Bamburi Sankataras Chanda ulnakhara Chandaka Forest 43 Korkara Shal Gababasta Taraboi Paniora Kha Goth Motari Ghoradia ipur Mundala Bhubaneswar landuse plan Gangeswar nchua sasan 13 Pipili Ankushi Pur Khelar Dandamukundapur 13 Ratilo Kher 60 Olatpur Adaspu Sources: Cuttack Development Authority www.cdacuttack.nic.in CDP 2010 Land Use Zonal Map :: Bhubaneswar Development ... www.bda.gov.in > cdp-land-use-zonal-map Google maps#31Existing ULB infrastructure data required Shoreline Watershed boundary Shoreland protection area boundary -Shoreline buffer boundary Existing stormwater infrastructure Drainage along road length Hot spots for water logging Location of proposed practises Watershed I boundary Shoreline | buffer Shoreland protection area boundary I Shoreline 1 I boundary T Buffer zones around identified water bodies in cities Zone 1: Shoreline: The point where the high water mark meets the land Zone 2: Shoreline buffer: Extends landward from the high water mark Zone 3: Shore land protection area Zone 4: Contributing watershed Existing drainage channels Covered drains Source: CSP, Bhubaneswar, 2017#32Geological and Hydrogeological data required Geological and Hydrological information Nature of aquifer Groundwater level •If aquifers are ! impermeable, non- porous •If depth of water level is less than 8 meters Saturated zone Unsaturated zone Ground surface Water film around grains Soil water Air Pore water Rock particles Water table Ground water Nature of terrain Nature of soil Geological formation ! •If the terrain is hilly, rocky ¡ or undulating ☐ I •If the soil is clayey •If comprises of massive rocks 1 (Basalt, Granite) Remote sending and GIS based study Inquire with the local drilling. agencies Litho logs/ borehole strata chart of the existing tube wells on the site. Literature survey - Reports of irrigation departments, Central/State Groundwater Board, Geological Survey of India, Soil and water research#33Proposed: Rain centre / Water information centre: Rain Centre is a local place where visitors could learn. from the display of posters, models of water harvesting structures. Here the visitors can learn about rainwater harvesting initiatives spearheaded in the city according to local conditions and also other water related best management practices prevailing in city/state of Odisha. The Centre also showcases city's water management system and urban water status. Apart from acting as technical help centre, the Rain Centre also provides opportunity to organize eco tours for school students, researchers and other relevant stakeholders. It is one of the tool to outreach local people and create awareness among community. Best Courtre 550#34Proposed: Study/Research based decisions Existing Water scenario Ground water Surface water Resource sustainability EXISTING •Study area - Odisha city profile •Demography profile •Water availability - Water Supply •Hydro-geological set up - Ground water •Water quality •Drainage system - including water bodies •Conclusion RWH potential Identify RWH in recharge potential proposed and already landuse ASSESSMENT Blue print for mainstreaming of city level RWH •Climatic conditions - rainfall •Geomorphic set up - soil •Land use - Areas for runoff •Conclusion PROPOSAL POTENTIAL OF RWH IN CITIES OF ODISHA •RWH concepts & techniques •Area specific techniques Total potential versus demand#35Proposed strategies Capacity building of enforcement line of officials in town planning deptt., municipality and development authority. Data collection (like Meteorological, Geological and Hydrogeological data) for research based solution will be given priority Short, medium and long term strategy based on Study/Research conducted (Methodology shared on last slide) for particular select cities. Large scale projects will be targeted under long term strategy potential use of water bodies and open spaces, flyover, roads, airports (lack maintenance). Setting up of Programme Management Unit (PMU) for implementation best management practices in high impact and high visibility areas of select 4 cities initially. Setting up of High Powered Committee (with 4-5 members) comprising Geology Dept, Planning Department, Meteorological department, State Groundwater Dept. with CSE as knowledge partner.#36Thank you Name, Centre for Science and Environment, Email