#1Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GLOBAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOILS and WATER 02-05 October, 2023 Soil and water: a source of life Integrated management of soil and water resources using biochar technology: The Nigeria experience Olumuyiwa. James. Jayeoba Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Lafia Campus [email protected]; [email protected] itps INTEROVortal TRONICAL RUN ON SOILS GLOBAL SOIL PARTNERSHIP#2INTRODUCTION Nigeria is a well-endowed country Agro-ecological potentials capable of supporting all types of crops, animal species, poultry types, fishes and allied organisms for human nutrition and agro-allied industries; • 3.14 million Ha of irrigable area (0.22 million ha now utilized); • 267 billion cubic metres of surface water; 57.9 billion m³ of underground water; 37 billion m³ stored in dams. • Rainfall regime of 300 to 4,000 mm per annum. Properly harnessed, the nation should not be in want agriculturally, GLOBAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOILS and WATER | 02-05 October, 2023 itps TROVICAL BUELON SOS GLOBAL SOIL. PARTNERSHIP#3Agricultural Value Chain In NIGERIA Cowpeas, Cotton Sorghum, Millet, Livestock, Groundnuts Vegetables, Tomatoes, sugarcane NORTH WEST NORTH EAST Maize, Soybeans, Cotton, Rice, fruits NORTH CENTRAL Cocoa, Cassava, Oil Palm, Poultry, fisheries SOUTH WEST ☐☐ so SOUTH EAST Oil Palm, Rice, Fisheries, Cassava, Rubber, Cocoa Cowpea, Sorghum, Millet, Livestock, Onions, Wheat, Sugarcane Oil Palm, Rice, Maize, Poultry, other livestock, Fisheries, Cocoa, Horticulture ■ 80% (739,000 km²) of Nigeria's land is arable while only about 33% (243 Km²) is presently being cultivated. ■ The sector provides employment for 70% of the population who mostly operate on small scale, with little or no access to finance, technology and capacity building ■ Nigeria's food production growth rate is 2.5% while food demand increases at 3.5% due to population growth SOUTH SOUTH 500 GLOBAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOILS and WATER | 02-05 October, 2023 itps TROVICAL BUELON SOS GLOBAL SOIL. PARTNERSHIP#4NG Cropland Stats Across Regions Agricultural Zone Total Area [sq. Estimated Cropland Cropland Area [sq. km] km] Percentage [%] North East 278,472.42 49.38 137,504.84 North Central 227,968.82 55.66 126,895.84 North West 214,340.87 65.35 140,080.54 South East 28,515.81 40.95 11,677.02 South South 83,847.40 24.00 20,125.67 South West 76,315.36 28.62 21,840.87 Nigeria Total Area 909,460.67 [sq. km] Cropland Total Area 458,124.78 [sq. km] GLOBAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOILS and WATER | 02-05 October, 2023 itps TROVICAL RUN ON SOILS GLOBAL SOIL. PARTNERSHIP#5Chemical composition of Nigerian soils. ➤ Most proportion of soils in tropical Africa are described as low-activity-clay (LAC) soils with cation exchange capacity (CEC) usually less than 20cmol kg-1 and having very low plant nutrient reserves in the form of un-weathered primary minerals. ➤ Nigerian soils are generally light textured and low in clay content with a range of 9 to 43%; ➤ in more than 60% of the area, clay content is less than 15%. ➤ Soil reaction (pH) ranges from 4.2 to 8.5; Combined calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) content varies from 0.5 to 5.55 cmol Kg‍1; Organic matter content also varies from 1.0 to 2.55% GLOBAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOILS and WATER | 02-05 October, 2023 itps TROVICAL BUELON SOS GLOBAL SOIL. PARTNERSHIP#6Need for Biochar technology · Biochar technology has promise for: . ➤ Sustainable soil productivity and crop production, Improvement of health and meat quantity and quality of livestock, Increase in fish growth performance and carcass quality, ➤ Climate change mitigation & ➤Cleaner Environment Biochar technology is capable of replacing the inefficient centuries-old slash-and-burn agriculture. It helps to transform agriculture from being part of the problem. of GHGs generation to being part of the solution. Greatest potential of biochar is for the highly weathered tropical soils which have been described as the most depleted soils in the world (IFDC, 2012) (due to dominance of LAC, low nutrient content, low SOM, low CEC). GLOBAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOILS and WATER | 02-05 October, 2023 itps TROVICAL BUELON SOS GLOBAL SOIL. PARTNERSHIP#7WHAT IS BIOCHAR? Biochar is the carbon-rich product that remains when biomass is heated to high temperature bellow 1000°C in reduced oxygen conditions(Lehmann and Joseph, 2009). Therefore, both charcoal and biochar are the same, except that biochar product is created for use as a soil amendment. Pyrolysis of biomass produces three items: biochar, bio-oils and syngases (Lehmann, 2007). TERRA PRETA BIOCHAR SOILS OF THE AMAZON NORMAL GLOBAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOILS and WATER | 02-05 October, 2023 itps TROVICAL BUELON SOS GLOBAL SOIL. PARTNERSHIP#8Biochar Biomass deliberately charred and applied to soil - Biochar anby VERYONE HADOOP CHARLO Char soaked and crushed#9BIOCHAR FOR SOIL FERTILITY IMPROVEMENT ◆ Studies conducted (Steinar et al., 2011; Zeelie, 2012 and Ndor et al., 2014, Ndor et al., 2015, Ndor et al., 2016 and Joseph et al., 2021) have shown that biochar can aid in soil quality improvement and increase crops yield. HOW: Improved cation exchange capacity in the soil, ✰ Decrease soil acidity, ❖ Improve soil structure, ❖Improved plant nutrient use efficiency, Improved water-holding capacity, Soil remediation of heavy metals, *Increase crop growth and yield *Increase activities of micro-organism in the soil. GLOBAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOILS and WATER | 02-05 October, 2023 itps TROVICAL BUELON SOS GLOBAL SOIL. PARTNERSHIP#10Detailed meta-analysis of the peer review research has shown that biochar 1. Increases average crop yield by 10-42% with biochar addition, 2. The greatest increases in yield are in low-nutrient P-sorbing acidic soils (common in the tropics) and in sandy soils in drylands due to increase in nutrient retention and water holding capacity. 3. It has also shown that biochar can increase P availability by 4.6 times, 4. The effect on yield, plant resistance to disease and soil properties is a function of dose (Inverted U shape/Biphasic), feedstock and final temperature of biochar production. 5. Adding small amounts of treated biochar in the rhizosphere every season will result in a continued increase in soil carbon, plant growth and other beneficial soil properties and an increase in farmer profitability Joseph, S., Cowie, A.L., Van Zwieten, 2021. How biochar works, and when it doesn't: A review of mechanisms controlling soil and plant responses to biochar. GCB Bioenergy. 00:1-34 GLOBAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOILS and WATER | 02-05 October, 2023 1tps INTERBOVENITal TROVICAL BUELL ON SOILS GLOBAL SOIL. PARTNERSHIP#111. On average; decrease plant tissue concentration of heavy metals by 17-39% 2. Reduce non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions from soil by 12-50%. 3. Enhancing biomass with minerals and them pyrolyzing or adding minerals and organic compounds to biochar can enhance the biochars properties. 4. Biochar catalyzes microbial and chemical processes in the rhizosphere, decreasing the activation energy for biotic and abiotic reactions, which can increase nutrient mineralization and facilitate nutrient uptake by plants. 5. It can act as a microbial fuel cell where there is growth of beneficial micro- organisms, production and consumption of electrons, fixation of carbon and nitrogen from the soil and the air; Joseph, S., Cowie, A.L., Van Zwieten, 2021. How biochar works, and when it doesn't: A review of mechanisms controlling soil and plant responses to biochar. GCB Bioenergy. 00:1-34 GLOBAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOILS and WATER | 02-05 October, 2023 itps TROVICAL BUNE ON SOILS GLOBAL SOIL. PARTNERSHIP#12(a) An Understanding of How Biochar Works or Doesn't Work Germination and Early Growth Stage Biochar (BCF) with separate fertilizer applied at high application rates; Biochar incorporated into fertilizer (BCF) applied at low application rates; Growth Stage and Harvesting BC + F (b) BCF Dissolving biochar compound fertiliser ہر Worms Bacteria KEY Fertiliser Biochar Blochar compound fertiliser granules (BCF) appled as band beside the seed Movement of soluble organic and mineral compounds Biochar compound fertiliser KEY Dissolving fertiliser Nutrients/small pieces of biochar Inaun the grande Joseph et al 2021 How biochar works, and when it doesn't: A review of mechanisms controlling soil and plant responses to biochar. GCB Bioenergy. 00:1-34 COL Blochar acts like an RC circuit that can release and store organic/inorganic nutrients and electrons when the plant needs them Biochar pores with nutrient Mycorrhizae Movement of soluble organic and mineral compounds Shell of biochar compound fertiliser#1360 40 20 20 0 Increment of NUE over the control (%) Biochar by Itself Does Increase Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) 20 -20 -40 ㅁ 300-400 60 60 40 40 20 20 D 400-500 H pyrolysis temperature (°C) Increment of NUE over the control (%) 20 -20 N₂O N₂ NH3 N₂O N₂ NH3 >500 Mineral Fertilizer Soluble N BCF Soluble N Residual bound N NO3 Redox pH effects <20 20-40 中 Application rate (t ha") >40 NO3 Mixing 25% biochar with chemical fertilisers to produce a Biochar compound fertilizer (BCF) yield increases can be as high as 30% but typically 15%. Partly due to reduce N emissions and leaching; Figure courtesy Daniel Rasse et Ahmed et al. 2021 Biochar modulates mineral nitrogen dynamics in soil and terrestrial ecosystems: A critical review Volume 278, 130378 -40 60 -60#14EFFECT OF BIOCHAR ON DEGRADED SOIL OF COLLEGE OF AGRIC. LAFIA, NIGERIA Treatment pH ratio Biochar H₂O 0.01 OC TN (%) (ppm) (Cmol/kg) Av. P Ca Mg K Na H+AI CEC (t/ha) Cacl (Acidity) 0 on 5 6.25 5.54 0.37 0.18 14.16 4.43 1.00 0.70 0.45 0.59 6.65 5.77 0.44 0.37 12.61 4.22 1.22 0.86 0.41 0.48 6.51 6.25 10 6.91 5.83 0.56 0.38 13.37 6.34 2.50 1.59 0.42 0.43 11.35 LSD(0.05) 0.38 0.17 0.03 0.04 0.51 0.57 0.46 0.46 0.04 0.03 0.34 S.E.M 0.13 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.18 0.21 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.01 0.12 LSD= least significant difference; S.E.M= Standard error of mean GLOBAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOILS and WATER | 02-05 October, 2023 itps TROVICAL BUELON SOS GLOBAL SOIL. PARTNERSHIP#15BIOCHAR FOR SOIL FERTILITY IMPROVEMENT, LAFIA, NIGERIA Treatment Biochar(Uha) Particle distribution (%) Sand Clay Silt Tex. class % Org. Bulk density % porosity matter (g/cm³) 0 87.33 6.33 6.33 Sand 0.67 1.67 36.61 5 87.00 7.67 6.33 Sand 0.76 1.63 38.44 10 85.33 7.67 7.67 Sand 0.96 1.61 39.63 LSD(0.05) 2.51 1.51 1.51 0.03 0.03 0.06 SEM 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.54 0.01 0.01 0.23 LSD= Least significant difference S.E.M-standard error of mean GLOBAL SYMPOSIUM on SOILS and WATER | 02-05 October, 2023 itps TROVICAL BUELON SOS GLOBAL SOIL. PARTNERSHIP#16EFFECT OF BIOCHAR ON NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF MAIZE IN LAFIA MACRO-NUTRIENTS(NPK) UPTAKE OF MAIZE Treatments (Biochars) (%) *(%) (mgkg) (*mgkg) N N P P K (Cmol/kg) *(Cmol/kg) K RH(g/pot) 0 1.44 0.12 40.61 3.25 3.90 0.25 60 1.98 0.54 42.92 6.23 3.95 0.31 120 2.87 0.72 63.12 7.12 5.74 0.52 LSD(0.05) 0.45 0.32 7.47 1.58 0.76 0.21 SD(g/pot) 0 1.44 0.13 33.41 2.76 2.86 0.21 60 2.25 0.49 51.60 6.53 4.74 0.42 2.92 120 0.76 61.73 7.12 6.00 0.68 LSD(0.05) 0.45 0.32 7.47 1.58 0.76 0.21 tps INTERGOVERNMENTAL TROVICAL BUON SOILS GLOBAL SOIL. PARTNERSHIP#17Treatment (Biochars) Number of pods/plant Fresh pod weight/plant Seed weight/ Seed plant(g) weight/ Seed weight t/ha plot(kg) 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 2011 2012 Sawdust(t/ha) 0 5 10 49.32 54.52 32.23 34.10 4.06 52.42 56.81 36.96 38.42 4.91 68.00 71.82 39.10 39.93 5.27 4.49 1.09 1.01 0.64 0.63 4.97 1.30 1.23 0.83 0.77 5.78 1.49 1.34 0.93 0.82 Rice husk(t/ha) 0 53.12 5 55.34 58.81 61.53 35.56 35.53 4.89 34.82 33.85 3.84 4.48 0.92 0.90 0.59 0.60 4.93 1.17 1.18 0.73 0.75 10 63.14 75.85 40.18 43.23 6.06 6.12 1.48 1.46 0.90 0.95 LSD(0.05) 10.94 10.85 4.95 3.42 1.07 1.27 0.21 0.30 0.11 0.12 Sesame varieties Local 55.72 59.32 35.05 37.12 4.75 4.77 1.14 1.13 0.72 0.71 Yandev 55 56.87 62.01 37.51 37.83 5.06 5.21 1.24 1.23 0.76 0.77 LSD(0.05) 0.93 0.50 0.85 0.24 0.18 0.13 0.06 0.10 0.02 0.04 Interaction SDB X RHB NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS RHR= Ricehusk Biochar SDB=Sawdust Bioachar NS= Not significant GLOBAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOILS and WATER | 02-05 October, 2023 itps TROVICAL BUELON SOS GLOBAL SOIL. PARTNERSHIP#18HOW DOES IT HAPPENED ❖ Biochar has little plant nutrient content itself but acts more as a soil conditioner by making nutrients more available to plants(Ndor et al 2015) Biochars can be beneficial to acidic soils, acting as a liming agents because of the ashes that increases soil pH, (Ndor et al. 2014). Biochar modify the soil's pore system into micro-pores especially in sandy soil; that is the reason behind increased in water holding capacity of soil amended with biochar (Ndor et al, 2016)#19The large surface area of biochar may results in increased CEC, which may prevent nutrient from leaching (Ndor et at, 2015). Biochar can improve root growth and thereby stimulate aggregation and also enhanced microbial activity (especially rhizopheric bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, which are in direct association with roots and form a more extensive rooting system via filaments know as mycelia and hyphae). (Zeelie, 2012). ❖The large surface area and pore structure of biochar likely provides a habitat for soil microorganisms, which in turn may aid in making some nutrients available to crops. (Steiner, 2007)#20PyroGenesys All things work together for good GCRF-3 NUTRICHAR Nigeria NUTRICHAR™ Pot Trials of a locally-produced Biofertiliser NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT Nasarawa State University, Keffi AIM: Compare performance of Biochar formulations to no fertiliser, inorganic NPK, cow & poultry manure. ACHIEVEMENTS: 1. 2. NUTRICHAR™ outperformed inorganic NPK, cow & poultry manure fertilisers. NUTRICHAR™ can be locally produced from underutilised agricultural waste residues. Significant knowledge transfer took place between both partners 3. 4. Plans for further collaboration are being developed COW DUNG Tomato Amaranthus Pepper 12 10 T1 T2 NT1 NT2 NT6 SOIL CONTROL POULTRY T3-NPK T4-Poultry T5-Soil T6 Manure Control T7 T8 T9-Cow dung MANURE Treatments Screenhouse Pot Trials Leaf Area Index#21Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations THANKS FOR LISTENING itps INTERGOVERN TECNICAL PANEL ON SORS GLOBAL SOIL PARTNERSHIP