#1CNTARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. Informal document: LCA-01-07-Rev.1 1st IWG on LCA, 26 October - 28 October 2022 Agenda item 5 LCA Research Progress of CATARC China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd October 2022#2目录 1. Overview of CATARC's Activities on LCA 1.1 Fundamental Research 1.2 Industry Efforts 2. Introduction of CATARC's LCA Methodology (Passenger Vehicles) Contents 2#3I About US CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. (CATARC) Founded in 1985, Headquartered in Tianjin, affiliated to State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council (SASAC), is a comprehensive technology enterprise group with extensive influence in domestic and foreign automobile industry Positioning Object Main Business LOCATIONS To G Independent Think tank Fair I I I Third Party Industry service Standard business Policy research Testing To B Service R&D Big data Engineering Design Consulting 德国 Germany Turpan Golmod 西北 o格尔木 Wuhan 中部 西南豐 NAM 深圳 To C Consumption guidance New energy Certification Industrialization Emerging business ·慕尼黑 Munich, Germany 占地:8085亩 Total land occupied: 5.4km² Kunming CNTARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co.,Ltd. 东北 呼伦贝尔 Hulun Buir 日本 华北 Japan Tianjin 天津(总部) 藍城 高齡 常州 华东 宁波。 Beijing 上海 东京 Tabo Tokyo, Japan Shanghai Ningbo Guangzhou Shenzhen Liuzhou 瑞士 Yancheng Gaoyou Changzhou Switzerland Geneva, Switzerland 3#41.1 Fundamental Research CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. Carbon Footprint Methodology for Automotive Products - how to calculate the carbon footprint? The carbon footprint methodology for materials, components and vehicles has been established, which lays a foundation for the carbon footprint accounting. Currently, there are two major problems to be figured out: one is to solve the uncertainty of existing ISO standards, and the other is to solve the problem of inconsistent accounting methods. Material production Evaluate the environmental impact of "cradle-to-gate" raw material production (including extraction and processing of raw materials and production of auxiliary materials) Fuel and electric power production Evaluate the environmental impact from the source of primary energy to the distribution point (such as charging station) Define the accounting method of life cycle (from cradle to grave) carbon emission from automotive products. Parts production Evaluate the environmental impact of "gate-to-gate" parts production (including injection molding, stamping and welding) Vehicle cycle: carbon emissions from vehicle production, maintenance and end-of-life activities. Fuel cycle: carbon emissions from the consumed fuel and the production and use of energy Vehicle production Evaluate the environmental impact of "gate-to-gate" production of vehicle products (stamping, welding, painting, assembly and power station building) Utilization /operation Environmental impact of driving Impact of repair and maintenance End-of-life recycling Add the environmental impact assessment (EIA) of end-of-life activity scenario (i.e., to the grave). It may include recycled materials, energy recovery and landfill treatment ----- Carbon emission data is transmitted downstream to support the carbon footprint accounting of downstream products Select low-carbon products layer by layer to reduce the pressure of emission reduction Carbon footprint accounting of material Select low-carbon processes Carbon footprint accounting of parts Select low-carbon materials and processes Carbon footprint accounting of vehicle Select low-carbon materials, parts and processes#5CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 1.1 Fundamental Research China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. China Automotive Life Cycle Database (CALCD)- Carbon emission factor database The database covers the industry average carbon emission factors ranging from the automotive material manufacturing, components and vehicle manufacturing, driving to end-of-life recycling, supporting the industry to carry out product carbon footprint accounting and research. Material Manufacturing Inventory data for over 50 vehicle materials, fuels/energy, fluids, etc. ● Power battery material composition data Weight and material composition data of nearly 100 kinds of parts • Weight and material composition data of more than 100 vehicle models Components manufacturing ● Energy consumption and emission data of nearly 1,000 parts manufacturing and processing processes ● Energy consumption and emission data of power battery manufacturing and processing process End-of-life Recycling ● Power battery recycling data Vehicle end-of-life recycling data Incineration and landfill treatment process data CACD 中国汽车生命周期评价数据库 Vehicle Usage ⚫ Fuel (gasoline, diesel, electricity, etc.) consumption data of more than 10,000 vehicle models in the using stage Emission data of more than 10,000 vehicle models in the using stage D Each piece of data considers the functional unit, data source, inventory data and other information, ensuring high quality of the data Functional unit Procedure description Data source Geographical coverage IC Vehicle Manufacturing Production energy consumption and emission data of over 100 OEMs Time range Calculation model and other conventions Total energy consumption and environmental emission inventory#61.1 Fundamental Research CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. China Automotive Life Cycle Assessment Model- standardization of carbon footprint accounting This model serves as the packaging methodology and database to standardize and streamlining the carbon footprint accounting of vehicle products Carbon emission Carbon emission of diesel vehicles Carbon emission of BEVs of methanol vehicles Carbon emission of gasoline vehicles Carbon emissions from materials Carbon emission from processes Carbon emission of NGVs Chinese automobile fleet model Peak carbon dioxide Carbon emission accounting of automobile industry Carbon emission from fuel production 5 individual vehicle models Carbon emission from fuel use emissions Carbon neutrality CO₂ I Main equipment parameters Material parameters Tooling parameters Stamping process Surface treatment Welding process 15 process models Painting process Powder metallurgy Injection molding process Auxiliary equipment parameters Energy consumption parameters Process parameters Die-casting process Tire production Iron and steel Cast iron Aluminum alloys Carbon fiber Primary material Mineral exploitation Process flow Energy consumption Thermoplastic Thermosets Rubber Nearly 20 material models Lithium iron phosphate Recycled materials Recycled scrap Process flow Energy consumption Lead Sulphuric acid Glass fiber Carbon footprint accounting of single vehicle Status quo and forecast of carbon emission factors of processes Status quo and forecast of carbon emission factors of materials 6#71.1 Fundamental Research CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. Vehicle Life Cycle Assessment Tool (OBS) - digitalization of carbon footprint accounting Automobiles are complicated products, so their carbon footprint accounting is of great complexity. As a professional accounting tool, OBS will assist industrial enterprises in quickly and accurately accounting the carbon footprint of products. One-click generation of vehicle model One-click BOM import to generate models Clear presentation of model hierarchy Real-time maintenance of model data Linked update of CICES data and OBS Rich content of CALCD database Detailed and vivid analysis results Automatic generation of analysis tables and export support Automatic generation of analysis images and export support Rapid growth of users Application scenarios gradually expanding Rapid growth of active users Results display WHIT F Www B 431- T 200 Data flow presented in Sankey diagram Data display content can be adjusted and exported Contribution of each part presented in histogram Data display content can be adjusted and exported води BÍLÉ PRO 0 O O Details of each part presented in doughnuts Data display content can be adjusted and exported 7#8I I CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 1.2 Industry Efforts China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. Implementing the Construction of China Industrial Carbon Emission Information System (CICES) On December 23, 2021, China Industrial Carbon Emission Information System (CICES) was launched. The CICES provides a solution for OEMs to collect the emission data from their upstream suppliers, in order to facilitate the product carbon footprint accounting. Accounting Tool Raw Material Transportation Tier1 Tier2 Tier3 I Production Use Recycle e OEMs China Industrial Carbon Emission Information System ↑ Suppliers 13 €0 A | Basic Industries Mining Chemical Generation 食 Petroleum low carbon resources Regulator Certificati on 8#91.2 Industry Efforts CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. Carbon emission publicity platform. The objects of platform mainly include passenger vehicle products and key component products. The publicity contents include basic product information, carbon emission information, identification information, etc. The carbon emission publicity platform (CPP) of automobile products is under construction. The draft design of the platform is as follows: Carbon labelling: specifies the terms and definitions, requirements, marking positions, marking methods and marking requirements of carbon footprint marking of road vehicle products. Carbon emission publicity platform (CPP) of automobile products Home page Standards Statistical chart and regulations Latest models www Industry information Chinese English Emission Data download Research library Cooperation Contact us reduction platform 道路车辆产品碳足迹量化标识 Vehicle Product Carbon Footprint Label measures 【企业名称】 奕炫MAX 【产品名称】 Carbon roduct C chicle Foot 200.44g CO2/km CEPP Label 数据采集周期:2022.5.23-2022.5.23 减碳 措施 循环材料 生物材料 绿色能源 100 kg/辆 100 kg/辆 100 MJ/ Model 1 Time to market: 6/5/2022 Last updated: 7/15/2022 Carbon emission per unit mileage: 314.1 gCO2e/km Industry average level: 311 gCO₂e/km Model 2 Time to market: 6/10/2022 Last updated: 7/14/2022 Carbon emission per unit mileage: 221 gCO2e/km Industry average level: 200 gCO₂e/km Model 3 Time to market: 6/8/2022 Last updated: 7/14/2022 Carbon emission per unit mileage: 197 gCO2e/km Industry average level: 200 gCO₂e/km 车辆型号: 车型名称: Data publicity Vehicle | Parts | Material Data download 动力类型: 整备质量: 能耗: 产品信息 Prodct information System ID Model Name Model ID Vehicle Type Curb Weight Fuel Tyoe TTM Carbon Footprint (gCO₂e/km) Average Level ( gCO₂e/km) Carbon Label Lastest Update 依据标准:道路车辆产品 碳足迹产品种类规则 History CEPP.989 XXX XXXXXXX SUV 2850 ICEV (Gasoline) 2022/6/5 314.1 311 Check 2022/7/15 Check Vehicle Product Carbon Footprint Label (Sample)#10目录 1. Overview of CATARC' s Activities on LCA 2. Introduction of CATARC's LCA Methodology (Passenger Vehicles) 2.1 Definition of Scope 2.2 Inventory Data 2.3 Calculation Methodology Contents 10#11Principles ■ Key principles of Technical specification of life cycle carbon emission accounting of passenger cars CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. Scope Functional unit Subject Principles Data collection Data Use System Vehicle boundary production Key assumpti ons Material production Fixed boundary ➤ A fixed boundary is defined to enable comparability between different passenger vehicle products Boundary defined based on a set of criteria representing which unit processes are a part of the system under study This document adds the material production stage (including raw material and recycled material), vehicle production stage and use stage into life cycle carbon emission accounting range, excluding carbon emissions from parts processing and transportation. ◆ Product Level Emissions must be reported at the product level. Functional unit The transportation services provided by a passenger car traveling 1km within life cycle, and the life cycle mileage is calculated by (1.5×105) km. ♦ Calculation method According to IPCC and relevant passenger vehicle standards of China, the accounting method of material production stage, vehicle production stage and use stage is determined. And recycled materials are also considered. Material Vehicle production Use Method Time& y Geograph Time & Geography Primary Data First Time: 3 months to 1 year; the average data of the most recent continuous production for 1 year should be used preferentially. Geography: Data on the actual production geographic area. On-site data should be collected and use preferentially. When specific site data collecting is not feasible, the default value should be used. Secondary data can only be used when site-specific data is not available and there is no corresponding default value. LCI Database Environmental Influencing Factors Key Assumptions CALCD CICES Global Warming Potential Life cycle mileage (GWP) [gCO2e/km], 11 11#12CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. 2.1 Definition of Scope ■Scope: This document applies to M1 vehicles with a maximum design mass not exceeding 3500 kg, including passenger vehicles that only use gasoline or diesel, non-off-vehicle-chargeable hybrid electric passenger vehicle, plug-in hybrid electric passenger vehicle, and battery electric passenger vehicles. Other M1 vehicles can refer to this document for implementation. ICEVS (Gasoline/Diesel) HEVS N PHEVS BEVS Other M1 vehicles can also refer to this method Methanol/ Ethanol CNG/LNG/LPG Others Note: There is no clear definition of passenger BEV. In GB/T 28382-2012, the term is directly cited, refers to intersect of BEV and passenger vehicle 12#132.1 Definition of Scope Functional unit CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. □ Definition: Transportation service provided by a passenger car traveling 1km in its life cycle, where the life cycle mileage is calculated as (1.5 × 105) km. Life cycle mileage: 13000km/year x 11.5 year=1.5×105km Determination principle of 13000km: In this study, conservative considerations are made due to the uncertain factors, and the annual change in vehicle mileage is assumed to be small according to the reference parameter scenario set by (the World Resources Institute, 2019), that is, the annual average mileage of passenger cars in China will continue to be 13000km in 2019. Determination principle of 11.5 years: According to the Standard for Compulsory Scrapping of Motor Vehicles jointly issued by the Ministry of Commerce, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Public Security, the reference service life of passenger cars is 8-15 years. In order to make the study representative, the average value of 11.5 years is taken as the life cycle of passenger cars in this study. 13#142.1 Definition of Scope ■System boundary: CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. The vehicle material production stage, parts production stage, vehicle production stage and use stage are included in the scope of carbon emission accounting for life cycle. It does not include carbon emissions from infrastructure such as roads and plants, equipment in each processes, personnel and living facilities in the plant. Energy and resource Input Material stage Primary material acquisition and processing process Part Iron and steel, cast iron, aluminum and aluminum alloys, magnesium and magnesium alloys, copper and copper alloys, thermoplastics, thermosetting plastics, rubber, fabrics, ceramics/glass Lead-acid battery Thermoplastic, lead, sulfuric acid Glass fiber Recycled material production and processing process Lithium-ion traction battery Lithium iron phosphate/nickel manganese cobalt (NMC)/lithium manganate, graphite, copper and copper alloys, aluminum and aluminum alloys, electrolyte: LiPF, thermoplastic, steel Wheels Fluid Rubber, steel, fabric Lubricant, brake fluid, coolant, refrigerant, washer fluid Stamping Transport Parts processing (according to the actual parts process) Vehicle production Welding Painting Power station Use stage Fuel production (Well to Pump, WTP) Fuel use (Pump to Wheels, PTW) GHG Emission Assembly Repair and maintenance Tyre, lead-acid battery, fluid replacement Refrigerant escape 14#15CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. 2.1 Definition of Scope ■Material production stage The material production stage includes the primary material acquisition and processing as well as the recycled material production and processing. The materials mainly covers five portions: auto parts materials, wheel materials, lead-acid battery materials, lithium-ion traction battery materials and fluid materials. P Primary material acquisition and processing process Wheels Lead-acid battery Components Lithium-ion traction battery Fluid Recycled material production and processing process 15#162.1 Definition of Scope CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. ■Recycled material production and processing process In the recycled material production and processing process, only the manufacturing processing of recycled materials are considered, excluding the carbon emissions from automobile scrapping, infrastructure such as roads and plants, equipment in each processes, personnel and living facilities in the plant. Only manufacturing processes of recycled materials are considered • 1. No tracking of recycling process by OEMS At present, domestic OEMs have not tracked the vehicles for the full life cycle, and there is a lack of data on the disposal of end-of-life vehicles. 2. Imperfect scrapping system Currently, China's automobile scrapping system is not perfect and lacks data support Recycling of end-of-life vehicles is low and declining • 3. Standard-based operability Recycling and reusing materials in other products involves distribution issues, and will extend the boundaries infinitely, so it is not operational 16#17CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. 2.1 Definition of Scope ■Boundary of material production phase: The materials weight, carbon emission and data availability are considered as principles when selecting the accounting materials. 01 Material weight proportion in the weight of corresponding part >1% 02 Material carbon emission proportion in the carbon emission of the corresponding part Data availability >1% 03 Refer to the MRV system in the carbon market to periodically check the collection and reporting of GHG emission data, help regulatory authorities to control the accuracy and reliability of data to the greatest extent, and improve the credibility of the overall reporting results of GHG emission. 17#182.1 Definition of Scope ■Boundary of material production phase: CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. Material accounting boundary: The system boundary of material production includes the acquisition and processing of primary materials and the production and processing of recycled materials, while the equipment manufacturing, plant construction and other infrastructure involved in the production and are not included in the boundary. Taking steel as an example: Material Accounting boundary Default value Unit Steel Including the main processes of iron ore mining, iron ore beneficiation, sintering, iron making (BF), steel making to the production process of relevant auxiliary materials (metallurgical lime, metallurgical coke, ferrosilicon), including the scrap steel recycling process Pelletizing 2.38 kgCO₂e/kg Ore mining Benefic- iation Sintering Charring Scrap steel Blast furnace ironmaking Electric furnace steelmaking Converter steelmaking, refining Steel 1. Material production stage 2. Components production stage 3. Vehicle production stage 4. Vehicle use stage 18#192.1 Definition of Scope Boundary of parts production stage: the process of manufacturing materials into parts. The process from materials entering the supplier plant to completing parts manufacturing. Energy and Material Input I I I I I I I I I Gate-to-gate: from the entrance gate of the parts supplier to the exit gate CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. Production process X Production process Y GHG Emission I Production process N I I I I Assembly I 2. Components production 1. Material production stage 3. Vehicle production stage 4. Vehicle use stage stage 19#202.1 Definition of Scope ■Boundary of vehicle production stage: Including stamping, welding, painting, assembly and power station. Gate-to-gate: from OEM entrance gate to exit gate Energy and resource input Power station Stamping CATARC Welding GHG Emission Painting Assembly 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. 2. Components production 1. Material production stage 3. Vehicle production stage 4. Vehicle use stage stage 20 20#21CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. 2.1 Definition of Scope Boundary of vehicle use stage: Includes carbon emissions from fuel production, fuel use and from tire, lead-acid battery and fluid replacement and refrigerant escape. Carbon emission from fuel production process 1. Material production stage LII Tire replacement, lead-acid battery replacement, fluid replacement, refrigerant escape B Carbon emission from fuel use process 2. Components production 3. Vehicle production stage stage 4. Vehicle use stage 21#222.1 Definition of Scope CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. Carbon (Greenhouse gas) Emissions: The greenhouse gases in this document refer to the seven greenhouse gases specified in UNFCCC, namely, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbon, sulfur hexafluoride and nitrogen trifluoride. Industrial name or common name Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide Hydrofluorocarbon Perfluorocarbon Molecular formula GWP100 1 CO₂ 27.9 CH4 273 N₂O 14600 HFCs 12400 PFCs Sulfur hexafluoride SF6 25200 17400 Nitrogen trifluoride NF3 Data source: Sixth Assessment Report, IPCC 22#232.2 Inventory Data ■Requirements on data and data quality: Principles for data collection Only when both the on-site and default data are not available Use on-site data preferentially When the on- site data are not available, Secondary data should be traceable and must be based on field research or data released by competent government authorities. Default Data Other Secondary Data On-Site Data CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. 23#242.2 Inventory Data ■Description of data usage in each phase of the life cycle Life Cycle Stage Data Weight of primary materials Carbon emission factors of primary materials Weight of secondary materials Material Production Carbon emission factors of secondary materials Weight of materials (Primary and secondary) Carbon emission factors of materials (Primary and secondary) Material utility factor Energy consumption data of vehicle production Carbon emission factors of fuel production Vehicle Production Vehicle Usage Life Cycle Carbon emission factors of fuel use Carbon leakage Fuel consumption Carbon emission factors of fuel production Carbon emission factors of fuel use Tire replacements times Battery replacements times Liquid replacements times Refrigerant escapes times Life Cycle Mileage Source CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. On-site Data Default Data Note: On-site data and default values can be used in mix. ✓ If the default value is used for material weight, only the default value can be used for material carbon emission factor When the material weight uses site-specific data, the material carbon emission factor can use on-site data or default value. 24 24#25CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 2.3 Calculation Methodology Carbon emission per unit life cycle mileage China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. Carbon emission per unit mileage = (carbon emission in material production stage + carbon emission in vehicle production stage + carbon emission in use stage) / life cycle mileage C = (CMaterials + Cproduction + Cuse)/L × 1000 • • • C-carbon emission per unit mileage in the life cycle of passenger cars, in kgCO₂e/km Cmaterials - carbon emissions in the material production stage, in kgCO₂e Cproduction-carbon emissions in the vehicle production stage, in kgCO₂e Cuse carbon emissions in the use stage, in kgCO₂e L-life cycle mileage of passenger cars, calculated as (1.5×105) km 圆吲 2. Components production 1. Material production stage 3. Vehicle production stage 4. Vehicle use stage stage 25#26CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 2.3 Calculation Methodology ■Material production stage China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. Considering materials of five parts: components, lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion traction batteries, tires and fluids, and two processes: primary material acquisition and processing and material recycling CMaterial Cparts (carbon emissions from components) + CLead acid battery (carbon emissions from lead-acid battery) CLi-Ion battery (carbon emissions from lithium-ion traction battery) × CEF "Part material i) = C Parts (M Part material i U Material i C Parts = (M Part pr-material ¡×CEF Part pr-material i XU + M Part material i Part re-material i × CEF Part re-material i × U Part material i) CLead acid battery = (M, × U Lead acid material i Material i × CEF Lead acid material i) CLead acid battery = (M Lead acid pr-material i × CEF, × U + M Lead acid pr-material i ×U Material i Lead acid re-material i Material i × CEF "Lead acid re-material i) (As per battery material) CLi-Ion battery = (M Li-Ion material i XU Material i × CEF, CLi-Ion battery = (M Li-Ion pr-material i × U Material i × CEF + M Li-Ion pr-material i Li-Ion material × U Li-Ion re-material i Material iXCEF Li-Ion re-material i) (As per battery capacity) C = = R × CEF Li-Ion battery Li-Ion battery Li-Ion battery 1. Material production stage + CTyres (carbon emissions from tyres) + CTyres = (M Tyre material i × U Material i × CEF Tyre material i) CTyres = (M × U Tyre pr-material i Material i × CEF Tyre pr-material i +M Tyre re-material i XU Material i×CEFTyre re-material i) CFluids (carbon emissions from fluid) = CFluids (M × CEF Fluid material i Fluid material i i) 2. Components production stage 4. Vehicle use stage 3. Vehicle production stage 26#272.3 Calculation Methodology ■Components production stage Mainly include carbon emissions from the production of parts materials, semi-finished products and auto parts CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 Scope of accounting It mainly includes the production of composite materials, semi-finished products and auto parts. Accounting method China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. C Part production = ΣE, × CEF, +E₁× NCV, × CEF,') + M co₂ r ☑ Carbon emissions from parts production = carbon emissions from energy or fuel production + carbon emissions from energy or fuel use +CO₂ emissions leakage CPart Production-carbon emissions from parts processing, in kgCO2e; E, - purchased amount of energy or fuel r, in kWh, m³ or kg; CEF, - carbon emission factor for energy or fuel r production, in kgCO₂e/kWh, kgCO₂e/m³ or kgCO₂e/kg; CEF' carbon emission factor for energy or fuel ruse, in tCO2e/GJ, r NCV, - the average lower heating value (LHV) of energy or fuel r, in GJ/t, GJ/104m3; Mco₂- amount of CO2 emitted during welding, in kgCO₂e. 2. Components production 1. Material production stage 3. Vehicle production stage 4. Vehicle use stage stage 27#282.3 Calculation Methodology ■Vehicle production stage Carbon emissions from energy consumption and escaping in vehicle production process Carbon emissions from vehicle production = carbon emissions from energy or fuel production + carbon emissions from energy or fuel use +CO₂ emissions leakage C production = Σ (E, ΣΕ, Σ (E₁ × CEF, + E₁ × NCV, × CEF, ) + M co₂ CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. Cproduction E CEF- carbon emission during vehicle production stage, in kilogram of carbon dioxide equivalent (kg CO₂e); -purchase quantity of energy or fuel r, in kilowatt-hour (kWh), cubic meter (m³) or kilogram (kg), etc.; -carbon emission factor for production of energy or fuel r, in kilogram of carbon dioxide equivalent per kilowatt-hour (kg CO₂e/kWh), kilogram of carbon dioxide equivalent per cubic meter (kg CO₂e/m³) or kilogram of carbon dioxide equivalent per kilogram (kg CO₂e/kg); CEF' NCV- Mcoz -carbon emission factor for energy or fuel r use, in ton of carbon dioxide equivalent per giga-joule (tCO₂e/GJ) -average low calorific value of energy or fuel r, in giga-joule per ton (GJ/t) or giga-joule per ten thousand cubic meters (GJ/104m³) -amount of escaping CO₂ during welding, in kilogram of carbon dioxide equivalent (kgCO₂e). 2. Components production 1. Material production stage 3. Vehicle production stage 4. Vehicle use stage stage 28#29CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. 2.3 Calculation Methodology Vehicle use stage Carbon emissions from fuel production, fuel use, tyres, lead-acid batteries and fluid replacement and refrigerant escape Cuse CFuel production (emission from fuel production) + CFuel use (carbon emission from fuel use) + CTyres r (carbon emissions from tyre (4 PCS replacement) = CTyres CTyres × 4/5 × 2 + CLead acid battery r (carbon emissions from lead-acid battery replacement) + C Lead acid battery r= C Lead acid battery x R Lead acid battery CFluids Fluids r =Σ(M₁ × CEF XR, Fluid material i Fluid material i Fluid material i ;) + M₁ × GWP Refrigerant Refrigerant CFluids r (carbon emissions from fluid replacement and refrigerant escape (once)) 2. Components production 1. Material production stage stage 3. Vehicle production stage 4. Vehicle use stage 29#30CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. Conclusion and Next Steps 1. Continue research on the LCA methodology, focus on consistency and comparability, and develop an LCA carbon accounting stardard for automotive products, to promote the decarbonization progress in the auto industry. 2. Develop various tools, such as the carbon publicity and carbon labelling, to improve the carbon transparency in auto industry from the supply side, and enhance the awareness of low-carbon consumption from the demand side. 3. Guide OEMs and upstream suppliers to reduce the carbon emission by using recycled material, green energy and improving the energy efficiency. 4. Build extensive connections and collaborations globally, get involved in IWG LCA in different topics, and make joint effort for automotive industry decarbonization. 30#31More information CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. Please download the draft version of Technical specification of life cycle carbon emission accounting of passenger cars here http://auto- eaca.com/a/chengguofabunarong/ziliaoxiazai/zhongguoqichedit/2022/1027/568.html Please download the China Automotive Low Carbon Action Plan (CALCP 2022) Executive Summary here http://www.auto-eaca.com/plus/view.php?aid=561 The whole book will be published by Springer in the end of 2022. 31#32CATARC 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd. 32